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118 Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 Country Feedstock Comments Italy 212 Forestry Residues Italy has five biomass power stations that burn wood and make some use of Forestry residues. One is the CHP system in Pozzilli, opened in 1997,which takes 70,00 – 80,000 tonnes per annum of wood residues as well as agricultural residues (hazelnut shells, olive kernels, fruit stones, pine cone seed residues) to generate an output of 9.8 MW. Sweden Wood waste Sweden has 3 biomass power plants that burn waste wood, and Iwakuni, Japan 213 Anderson, USA 214,215 8.2.4 Straw Forestry Residues Forestry Residues one of these also burns waste tyres. A co-generation station that has used 90,000 tonnes per annum of logging residues since 2006. Operated by First Energy Service Company Ltd. The first biomass plant of larger than 10MW. Operated by Signal Shasta Energy Co it has been operational since 1989 and utilises 750,000 tonnes per annum of mill waste and forest residues, with a generation capacity of 3 x 18MW. There is one straw burning power station in the UK, the Elean station in Ely, Cambridgeshire, constructed by Energy Power Resources Ltd (EPRL) and in operation since 2000. 216 This plant uses 200,000 tonnes per annum, generates 38MW of electricity and cost £60M to build. It is also capable of burning a range of other bio-fuels. This plant uses a vibrating grate with conventional steam cycle. The operator requires relatively dry straw, so bales over 650 kg at 16% moisture content command an average price while there is a price penalty for bales that are either less dense than this or have a higher moisture content. EPRL have developed monitoring equipment to enable them to assess moisture and density as the bales enter the plants. Straw has a high potassium and sodium salt content which can lead to increased deposits and corrosion when using straw. Small–scale straw burning boilers are available in the UK, and it is estimated that a further 17,000 tonnes per annum are used in small-scale on farm schemes. These boilers are used for a number of purposes, including heating farmhouses and associated buildings, drying grain and heating swimming pools. Many of these plants were built as a result of grants for straw heat and power in the 1980s. However, since this Government programme stopped, a number of the plants have been converted to wood. This is because of the problems with storage and handling of straw, and the problems surrounding ash corrosion. There are no schemes in the UK to co-fire straw, although some power stations are licensed to take it. Straw power plants have been built in Denmark, where there are targets to drive this development. The Danish work has demonstrated the feasibility of large-scale co-firing of straw. 212 Production of energy from biomass residues in the CHP plant of Pozzilli, Italy, 2002, http://www.tekes.fi/OPET/pdf/Energonut_IT.pdf 213 Circulating Fluidized Bed Power Plant, JFE Engineering Corporation, http://www.jfe-eng.co.jp/en/en_product/environment/environment2121.html 214 http://www.industcards.com/biomass-usa-ca.htm 215 http://www.slthermal.com/pdf/Anderson,%20California.pdf 216 http://www.eprl.co.uk
Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 Table 59 International Facilities that combust straw for heat and electricity generation Site Feedstock Generation Capacity Comments Denmark Straw 8.3-28 MW Straw is used in co-firing in large utility power stations in Denmark, where there is an obligation on the powerstations to do so, for example the Grenaa site. Due to the composition of straw there have been severe problems with slagging, fouling and corrosion. In addition there are restrictions on the temperature of operation. The Danes have overcome these problems, most noticeably by building stand-alone boilers for the straw. More recently Denmark has built purpose designed straw power stations at Haslev that consumes 27,000 tonnes of straw per annum, and another at Nakskov with an output of 6MW + 8MW. 217 Przechlewo Straw N/A An old coal power station that provided heating for 18 Poland houses, a school, a kindergarten and three office and public utility buildings was replaced with one that used straw as the fuel source. It is owned and run by the Local Authority and uses three Apacor Brzeg Dolny boilers, with a power rating of 2 x 2.5 MW and 1 x 1.25 MW. In addition the site has a straw warehouse, 1800m 2 - sufficient to hold 1 month’s worth of straw. The 2500 tons of straw used each year must be shredded and compressed into cubes, with a humidity of 22%. The site has been in operation since 2001. 218 Såtenergi Straw 20,000 MWh The Air Force site at Såtenergi purchase their heating AB, of district from a straw fired station supplied with straw by 40 local Sweden heating farmers, who also own 9% of the station. Ash generated is returned to the fields. 219 China Straw 2 x 12 MW The facility in Sugian began operation in 2006 with capacity of 200,000 tonnes per annum. 8.2.5 Poultry Litter The UK has several plants that use poultry litter as a feedstock for energy generation. Poultry Litter is a mixture of poultry droppings and the material used as bedding, often wood chippings. The material has a calorific value between 8.8 -15GJ/t and a highly variable moisture content of between 20% and 50%, depending upon husbandry practices. The key players in the industry have now resolved most technical issues associated with using this as a fuel. The ash produced is largely used as a fertiliser, as it is high in potassium and potash. The UK has been at the forefront of power generation from poultry litter with three plants currently in operation: Eye and Thetford in England, and Westfield in Scotland. Although it is possible to co-fire poultry litter with coal, there are few examples of this described in the literature. Poultry litter now falls under WID controls, and as such any new facility would have to comply with WID emission limits. 217 Case Study: Straw fuelled heating plant in Nakskov, Denmark, European Commission, Directorate General for Energy and Transport. 218 Case Study: Biomass straw fired boiler plant in Przechlewo, Poland, European Commission, Directorate General for Energy and Transport. 219 Såtenergi AB- 4 MW Straw heating plant, http://www.managenergy.net/download/nr80.pdf 119
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South East 327 - - 55% of MSW by 20
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Figure 27 Orchid Environmental proc
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