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162 Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 10.2.1 Pyrolysis in the UK Seamer Carr, Scarborough The UK’s first full scale waste pyrolysis plant is to be known as Scarborough Power Ltd. Once operational the plant will consume 18,000 tonnes per annum of high calorific value pre-sorted MSW, i.e. a form of SRF. 297 After shredding and drying the expected calorific content of this material will be 15MJ/kg. Simple flash pyrolysis, with technology provided by GEM, will be used to convert the waste to syngas in the absence of oxygen, which is then ultimately used to generate electricity and heat, expected to be 2.4MW of electricity and 1.8MW of gross heat output. This project is a joint venture between Yorwaste, pyrolysis technology company GEM, and engineering consultancy NEL Power, and is part of Defra’s New Technologies Demonstration Programme. Compact Power, Avonmouth The Compact Power process is typical of a heated tube system. The schematic (Figure 21) shows the company’s 8,000 tonnes per annum demonstration plant at Avonmouth. This plant is intended for the treatment of MSW and clinical waste. Waste may be first sorted to remove recyclables. It is then conveyed by a screw through a heated tube where it pyrolyses. The pyrolysis gases are then burned in a cyclone combustion chamber. The residual char falls into a hopper where it is gasified by steam that has been preheated in the combustion chamber, leaving an ash residue. The gas from the gasification section is burned with the pyrolysis gas. The hot gas from the combustion chamber is first used to heat the pyrolysis tubes then to raise steam for power generation. Flue gas clean up is after the boiler and uses a dry bicarbonate injection system. The residue is reported as a dry, inert gas. The emissions performance is reported as excellent with most regulated pollutants an order of magnitude below the statutory limit. The focus is largely on waste disposal at an acceptable cost on a small scale appropriate to clinical and industrial wastes, and smaller urban communities. As such it fits well with recycling schemes. Energy recovery is currently relatively low and comparable with combustion systems. More development would be necessary to take advantage of the higher efficiencies offered by gas turbine and reciprocating engine cycles. Figure 21 Schematic of Compact Power’s demonstration plant at Avonmouth 297 Defra Factsheet, Scarborough Power, http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/wip/newtech/dem-programme/pdf/Scarborough-Power.pdf
Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 The Avonmouth Pyrolysis and Gasification Plant near Bristol, is the next step in the development path for this technology but has experienced difficulties with the original owners Compact Power went into administration in 2008 and Ethos Recycling bought the site. Assuming the site does become operational, it will be capable of processing 30,000 tonnes of waste per annum, generating 2,400 kW of electricity and 7,620 kW of heat. 298 10.2.2 International experience R21 process Mitsui Babcock Energy runs a number of R21 (Recycling in the Twenty First Century) Pyrolysis Technology facilities in Japan. These facilities rely on a pre-incineration pyrolysis process operated at low temperature (less than 450ºC) of MSW, which converts poor fuel (such as MSW) into high value product fuels such as syngas and a solid residue. These products are then combusted at high temperatures (1300ºC) and efficiencies, from which heat recovery occurs to produce heat or power output. Applying this technology to MSW means that the waste can be burnt in much better combustion conditions, reducing the potential for dioxin production, NOx and the dry slag produced is vitrified inert, carbon and dioxin free. Typically, a 100,000tpa R21 plant treating MSW with a calorific value of 9.5MJ/kg will produce 8MW gross electrical output per tonne of MSW 299 . Some of this electrical energy is used in house to drive the process reducing this figure to 5.1MW net electrical output per tonne MSW. Table 83 cites some of the commercially operating facilities by Mitsui Babcock Energy Ltd in Japan. 299 The focus in Japan is currently very much on waste disposal and recovery of material rather than energy. . Table 83 Examples of commercially operating R21 facilities by Mitsui Babcock Energy Location Capacity (tonnes/day) Aichi/ Toyohashi City 220tpd over 2 trains Hokkaido / Ebetsu City 140tpd over 2 trains Fukuoka / Koga Seibu Regional Cooperative 260tpd over 2 trains 298 The Avonmouth Renewable Energy Plant, Defra Factsheet, http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/wip/newtech/demprogramme/pdf/Avonmouth.pdf 299 Mitsui Babcock Energy Limited Submission to Greater London Authority City Solutions Stakeholders On Municipal Waste Management, 2003, http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/waste/wasteconfdocs/Mitsui.pdf 163
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