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26 Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 3 UK Waste Arisings In this chapter we bring together the current overall estimates of how much waste is produced annually in the UK, its composition and source. These basic figures are fundamental to an understanding of the energy potential of the waste resource and the types of technologies that could be used to access it. We also discuss future trends and a methodology of waste categorisation that is more appropriate for energy use. 3.1 Waste Categories Investigated The UK Government and the EU commonly group waste arisings into the following categories: • Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) • Commercial and Industrial (C&I) • Construction and Demolition (C&D) • Bio-Solids (previously known as Sewage Sludge) • Agricultural Wastes • Dredged material • Minerals (Mining and Quarrying) While this level of breakdown is useful for identifying quantities and trends, it does not provide a break down for many of the waste streams that are of particular interest for this study. In this study the wastes that have been identified as having the potential for conversion to fuels and energy have been subdivided as follows: • Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) • Commercial and Industrial wastes (C&I) • Construction and Demolition (C&D) • Bio-Solids (Sewage Sludge) • Agricultural o Wet residues o Dry residues • Forestry Residues Mineral and dredging wastes have not been covered, as these waste streams have no practicable content that would be available for conversion to energy or fuels. A range of waste materials that are highly suitable for energy but their arisings are dispersed over several categories. An emerging trend is to combine resources from several streams as feedstock for an energy plant. We have considered these dispersed arisings as a set of new subcategories. These are: • Food waste – arising from MSW and C&I waste • Wood waste – arising from MSW, C&I waste and C&D waste • Tallow – arising from C&I waste • Textile – arising from MSW and C&I waste • Paper and board – arising from MSW and C&I waste. In the following Sections these waste streams and materials have been described in terms of a definition, the composition of each stream, and the arisings by region.
Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 3.2 Data Sources and Quality The information on waste arisings in this study has been obtained for a wide range of sources, such as the surveys conducted by the Environment Agency (EA) in England and Wales, and the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency in Scotland, National Agricultural Surveys, publicly available reports from the UK Government and Devolved Administrations, as well as many reports and surveys carried out by waste action groups. The specific data source is detailed and referenced at the point of discussion. Across the UK information on different types of waste is collected for a variety of reasons, and so data for one type of waste may not be directly comparable with another type. For example data on MSW arisings is collected from the point of view of the source of arisings and management of the waste. Meanwhile some commercial and industrial wastes have data collected only from waste that has been treated, as the treatment facility is registered. So there are waste arisings potentially going unrecorded. It would be fair to say that, understandably, waste data has always been collected from the point of view of disposal as a nuisance rather than as an energy resource. The UK Government has recognised that a lack of information on the arisings of specific waste streams and their growth rates is hampering both the development of an effective waste strategy for household and other waste streams and the ability to measure and monitor progress effectively. Consequently, as part of the Waste Implementation Programme (WIP), work on obtaining better data is being taken forward jointly with the Environment Agency to provide a sound evidence base for improved waste management policy development, implementation, monitoring and evaluation at both national and local levels. 3 The first part of WIP, which has already been implemented, is Waste Data Flow, which will provide quarterly data on arisings and management of municipal solid waste. The next phase is the Waste Data Strategy, which will include data on both commercial and industrial waste and construction and demolition waste, and started to produce data during 2007. A central principle of the data strategy is that costly surveys should be replaced wherever possible by better use of administrative data. In particular, better use should be made of data received by the Environment Agency from waste operators as part of their permit requirements. The final phase will address agricultural, forestry, fishing, mines and quarries wastes, bio-solids and dredging spoils. Large scale industrial sites are covered by PPC (Pollution Prevention and Control permit), and the Environment Agency has a list of all of these sites, which include large scale incinerators and waste treatment facilities. PPC also covers recycling facilities, such as paper mills. The PPC thresholds for treatment plants (chemical, biological, thermal) are 10 tonnes per day for hazardous waste and 50 tonnes per day for non-hazardous waste. Waste management licences cover facilities with lower capacities. The Environment Agency collect data from all facilities that have a waste management license. As these include all landfill sites, then good quality data on the amount of waste landfilled is available. However, there are a number of gaps in the data on amount of material recycled. For example: • Paper merchants are exempt from Waste Management Licensing and are not required under the regulations to provide data. • Not all paper mills are covered by PPC, and PPC facilities currently do not have to provide data on the inputs of materials processed (if the paper mill is registered as an accredited reprocessor under the Packaging Regulations, then data on the amount of packaging processed are available) • No data are collected on green list wastes (such as paper), which are exported for recycling from England and Wales (however, data on exported packaging are available). 3 Delivering Data for Monitoring Waste Strategy 2007, Defra 2008, http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/statistics/wastedatahub/download/delivering_data_for_monitoring_wastestrat07.pdf 27
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South East 327 - - 55% of MSW by 20
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Appendix 3 MBT Methods Specific in
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Figure 27 Orchid Environmental proc
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