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136 Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 Germany Germany has by far the greatest number of AD sites in Europe. The 2.4Mtoe p.a. of biogas produced from over 3,700 plants is largely used in co-generation facilities, and generated 1,270 MW of electricity in 2007. 258 Estimates are that Germany will exceed 3,000 MW by 2020, 259 despite the annual increment slowing from 800 units per annum in 2006 to 250 per annum in 2007. This slowing is felt to be due to higher energy crop prices and a doubling in the equipment costs. The incentives system of producing renewable electricity in Germany has largely favoured the uptake of on-farm AD systems by farmers seeking to enhance their income but the scale of operation is increasing and there are reports of very large plants now being built specifically for injection of gas into the grid. For small-scale AD the additional tariff is nearly twice that of renewable obligation certificates in the UK, with extra available for CHP and for cultivated biomass feedstock. Driven by this market, technological advances made in Germany enable dry fermentation and co-digestion with energy crops, increasing the potential for biogas production. The industry is also backed up by a large number of suppliers and good technical support. Figure 18 German AD sites and the electrical output 260 In Germany over 200 companies are offering services in connection with biogas technology, e.g. consulting, planning, manufacturing and delivery of parts and components (pumps, stirrers, engines, tanks) as well as servicing. It is estimated that together with the operating staff 8,000 jobs are depending on the services revolving around biogas technology so far. We give below a small selection of interesting examples from Germany illustrating the communal character of many installations and the large scale which is now possible. • The biogas plant in Reichenbach, in Saxony became operational in 2007, producing 845kW from liquid manure from the local farming cooperative. The waste heat produced is sold to the local hospital. • Jühnde (population 750, 220 households), near Göttingen became the first bioenergy village in Germany. 261 Ten agricultural businesses supply the 700kW electrical and 740kW heat Hasse biogas plant with slurry, grass, maize silage and garden waste, which together with the connected 258 Renewables made in Germany, http://www.renewables-made-in-germany.com/en 259 http://www.renewables-made-in-germany.com/en/biogas/ 260 Source German Biogas Association 261 The First Bioenergy Village in Germany, http://www.german-renewable-energy.com/Renewables/Navigation/Englisch/Biomasse/casestudies,did=132894.html
Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 heat and power generator (powered with local biomass) generate enough electricity and heat to supply the requirements of the village. • Germany’s first industrial sized biogas plant opened in 2008, on the Klarsee industrial estate in Penkun, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania on the German-Polish border. 262 The site takes silage and manure (together with maize and other cereals) from local farms and creates slurry to be processed by 40 independent digesters. The methane produced is converted into electricity, with the plant capable of producing a 20MW output. Sweden Sweden is well known for having created several examples of a biogas network used to power vehicles. In Linköping a biogas plant was built in 1997, treating 100,000 tonnes p.a. or animal slaughter-house waste and industrial organic waste and producing 7.7 million m 3 per annum of upgraded biogas. This biogas is then used to power the city buses plus several light and heavy vehicles, as well as a number of private vehicles. 263 Sweden is well placed to develop such systems as the country had a considerable number of gas powered vehicles to begin with (13,500 in 2008, 110 gas filling stations 264 ) , and the gas distribution network is not that extensive, for example it does not reach Linköping. Another town in Sweden, Laholm, has been injecting the biogas its AD digester produces into the local natural gas grid since 2001. The digester accepts 48,000 tonnes p.a. of agricultural manures and industrial organic waste. 265 A similar project in the UK, undertaken jointly by Sita UK, Gasrec and Boc, announced in June 2008 that they had produced a biomethane transport fuel from landfill gas at the Sita UK landfill site in Albury, Surrey. 266 This landfill site produces 2,300m 3 of landfill gas per hour, and the intention is to use this to produce 5,000 tonnes of biomethane for use by the site operator, by haulage firm Hardstaff Group, by a Sainsbury’s delivery truck and by a street cleaning vehicle in Camden to give feedback on a range of uses. The process upgrades the landfill gas by dewatering, then removal of hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen, selectively capturing 85% of the methane processed, at 95% purity. The gas produced is then liquefied for use. Potentially this fuel could also be used in CHP plants. 9.2 Composting - an alternative to Anaerobic Digestion Process Description Composting is the aerobic decomposition by micro-organisms of biodegradable material to produce a residue - compost. It is a process primarily used for readily degradable organic materials, such as source separated green garden wastes and kitchen wastes. The waste is degraded by "heat-loving" micro-organisms. This is a biological process that oxidises the organic matter to break it down to a more simple form. A high temperature within the process is important to eliminate pathogens that may be present in the source materials. The composting operations must ensure that the micro-organisms are kept supplied with moisture, oxygen, food and nutrients and that conditions such as temperature remain in the optimum range. A large number of procedures and engineered solutions have been developed to achieve these objectives for the treatment of organic wastes. 262 Industrial-scale production in world's largest biogas plant, Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology, Germany. 263 100% Biogas for Urban Transport in Linkoping, Sweden, IEA Biogas Network. 264 Renewables target to be extended to at least 35%, ENDS Report 402, pp 38-39. 265 Injection of Biogas into the Natural Gas Grid in Laholm, Sweden, IEA Biogas Network, http://www.ieabiogas.net/Dokumente/casestudies/sucess_laholm.pdf 266 Gasrec, boc and SITA UK announce first fuel production at biomethane project in Albury, Surrey, Site Press Release 2008. 137
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South East 327 - - 55% of MSW by 20
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Appendix 3 MBT Methods Specific in
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Figure 27 Orchid Environmental proc
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