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106 Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 Table 54 Risks and barriers for wood fuel production Level of Risk Comment Technical Low Many projects for both pellet and chip worldwide. Social & Planning Medium Some current waste wood installations can be unsightly and “bad neighbours” creating noise dust and fire risks from large quantities of stored waste wood. Sawmill based installations are positive due to reduced transport of residue, job creation and low additional impact. Financial Medium Requires revenue from sale of fuel but market not well established. Waste wood derived fuel is still classed as a waste which may give problems with sale and use and hence price. Standards and agreed specifications are needed to make the fuel product a traded commodity. Attractiveness depends on the price of oil as well as incentives. These aspects should be resolved within the next few years. Regulatory Medium Waste wood derived fuel is still classed as a waste which may give problems with sale and use hence a reduced price. The legal status needs to be clarified. Standards would help to clarify definitions. Market depends upon incentives for heat and electricity these can change due to extraneous factors. These aspects should be resolved within the next few years. 7.1.6 Thermochemical fuels The purpose of thermochemical processes is to produce a fuel with an increased energy density and physical and chemical properties that are both more consistent than the source material, and better matched to the requirements of the conversion technology. The fuels in this category are derived from lignocellulosic materials such as wood, crop residues, paper and board. The two main categories are Char, Oils and liquors from pyrolysis either as separate liquid and char products or slurry of the two. Char is similar to coal in some respects being friable and having a relatively high calorific value, unfortunately it contains less than half of the energy value of the source material. Pyrolysis liquids are a mixture of complex carbohydrates and hydrocarbons that contain up to 70% of the energy of the source material. The relative proportions of char and liquids depend upon the reaction conditions in the process. Torrefied material. Torrefaction is the heat treatment of the material at temperatures between 200°C and 300°C that results in the removal of all moisture and a subsequent degradation and shrinkage of the polymeric structure of the material. The changes produced by this process give an end product that is more energy dense, friable and less susceptible to take up moisture from its environment. These changes make it easier to transport, store and to use, particularly when pelletised. Torrefaction has the advantage of producing a consistent fuel that retains over 90% of the energy of the source material.
Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 More information, such as the principles and the mass and energy balances for this route are given in references 179 and 180. 192,193 At present these fuels have only been proposed, none are currently produced from waste materials specifically as fuels, other than in research and development activities. Producing fuels with improved properties has benefits in terms of transport storage and use but there is a penalty in resource use efficiency due to the heat used for the processing. Uslu et al have analysed the efficiency of a range of supply chains using thermochemical fuels and pellets manufactured from wood and come to the conclusion that torrefaction with an energy efficiency of 94% required least energy whilst pyrolysis fuels with an efficiency of 64% are unlikely to be cost effective. 194 This analysis was carried out largely on wood feedstocks and was targeted at life cycles involving long distance transport but nonetheless the broad principle should hold for most lignocellulosic materials. These conclusions were confirmed to some extent by Mortimer who found that there was no advantage in using pyrolysis based or other upgraded fuels in the supply to a transport biofuels plant in the North East. 195 7.1.7 Conclusions for Solid Recovered Fuels Producing a fuel type that provides consistent properties will enable more waste to be utilised as a fuel source for the generation of energy or fuels. The status of this area in the UK is: • Processes are commercially available for producing fuels from MSW and C&I waste using the heat from composting as the energy from drying. • Processes for the production of fuels using thermal energy to dry and sterilise waste are currently being demonstrated and may offer advantages in providing a more consistent product that is biologically stable. • Standards for fuels derived from MSW have been developed but are not widely used • The production of graded wood waste fuels has expanded rapidly in the last three years. Standards and codes are being adopted by the industry which is aiding acceptance and development. • Clean wood fuels are becoming widespread and standards and codes are being adopted by the industry. • Fuels prepared using pyrolysis and torrefaction have been proposed but as yet not implemented commercially. 192 Harold Boerrigter, Jaap Kiel, Patrick Bergman Proceedings of Thermalnet meeting April 2006 Lille http://www.thermalnet.co.uk/docs/ECN_%20Torrefaction%20of%20Biomass%20as%20pretreatmentLille.pdf 193 Report reference ECN-RX--05-180, Torrefaction for biomass upgrading, Patrick C.A. Bergman, Jacob H.A. Kiel Published at 14th European Biomass Conference & Exhibition,Paris, France, 17-21 October 2005 http://www.techtp.com/recent%20papers/ECN-Torrefaction%20for%20biomas%20upgrading%20-2005.pdf 194 A. Uslu et al. / Energy 33 (2008) 1206–1223 195 NNFCC project 09/016. Feb 2009 107
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South East 327 - - 55% of MSW by 20
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Appendix 3 MBT Methods Specific in
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Figure 27 Orchid Environmental proc
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