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56 Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 Table 24 Prediction of straw arisings and availability for non-traditional uses. Year Region Straw Estimation (‘000 tonnes) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 East Midlands Total Straw Straw available non- 2630 2673 2564 2513 2606 traditional use 658 668 641 628 651 East of Total Straw 1951 2035 1915 1899 1980 England Straw available nontraditional use 488 509 479 475 495 North East Total Straw Straw available non- 478 491 471 456 472 traditional use 120 123 118 114 118 North West Total Straw Straw available non- 266 298 272 262 267 traditional use 67 74 68 66 67 South East Total Straw 1451 1473 1408 1388 1423 and London Straw available nontraditional use 363 368 352 347 356 South West Total Straw Straw available non- 1236 1290 1207 1186 1217 traditional use 309 322 302 297 304 West Midlands Total Straw Straw available non- 923 955 909 890 927 traditional use 231 239 227 223 232 Yorkshire and Total Straw 1444 1514 1436 1383 1450 Humber Straw available nontraditional use 361 378 359 346 363 England Total Straw available nontraditional use 2595 2682 2546 2494 2586 Scotland Total Straw Straw available non- 1551 15889 1493 1428 1463 1638 traditional use 388 397 373 357 366 410 Wales Total Straw Straw available non- 144 153 139 130 traditional use 36 38 35 32 Northern Total Straw 125 123 126 120 112 Ireland Straw available nontraditional use 31 31 31 30 28 UK - Total Straw available nontraditional use 3049 3149 2984 2912 As can be seen from the above data, there is potentially considerable resource available without disturbing traditional markets. Dry straw has an energy content of around 18GJ/dry tonnes, which is independent of straw type. Availability Agricultural residues are generally large in volume and bulky to transport. As such transportation costs usually prohibit movement of these residues significant distances. High density straw bales are an exception but it remains a low value commodity and any facility intending to make use of these residues would ideally be constructed near to a significant supply of resource and so would be at local or regional scale.
Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 In terms of straw, the CSL Report identified that Wales and Scotland have straw deficits, while England is a net exporter of straw once regional livestock demand had been subtracted from the arisings. In addition the conversion of straw to energy products would remove the straw from the fields, removing a nutrient source (see Appendix 1 for the cost quantification of this nutrient source). The decision whether to sell straw is a balance between the price, soil type and suitability for reincorporation, timing for the next crop and the cost of replacement fertiliser. Poultry Litter The vast majority of poultry raised for meat, broilers, are farmed using intensive farming methods, with the use of bedding. This enables easy collection of the residues produced, which are commonly high in solid content with little liquid present. The litter is also usually high in ammonia. 80 The fresh manure is approximately 75% water, but dries considerably over the time it spends in the enclosed house. 87 Bedding materials are usually wood shavings, shredded paper or straw, which become mixed with droppings. Traditionally poultry litter was applied to the land as a fertiliser, but as with cow and pig slurry, the rise in poultry production and the decreasing availability of land mean that the potentially deleterious environmental impacts are being recognised and the traditional litter disposal methods are being discouraged. Poultry litter is considered a waste under the Waste Incineration Directive (WID), and therefore any plant that utilises this resource must be compliant with the requirements of WID. It is estimated that each fowl has the equivalent output of 0.036 kg/day (litter plus excreta), with a dry matter content of 70%. 88 The calorific value of poultry litter is between 8.8 89 and 15 GJ/t and the moisture content varies between 20-50%, 90,91 i.e. a calorific content that is about half that of anthracite coal (32-35 MJ.Kg). Using the litter output estimation of 0.036kg/bird/day and assuming a calorific value of 9 GJ/t estimations of the regional output of poultry litter and its potential energy content are made in Table 25. Table 25 Total Fowl Numbers raised on bedding, by region for the UK Fowls raised on Energy Content Region bedding (GJ) East Midlands 17,361,450 5,625,110 East of England 22,853,361 7,404,489 North East 2,133,092 691,122 North West 5,809,647 1,882,326 South East inc. London 5,857,657 1,897,881 South West 12,363,066 4,005,633 West Midlands 13,688,062 4,434,932 Yorkshire and Humber 11,888,774 3,851,963 England - Total 91,955,109 29,793,455 Northern Ireland 13,923,000 411,052 Scotland 5,388,040 1,745,725 Wales 4,303,711 1,394,402 UK - Total 115,729,164 37,496,249 87 From http://ohioline.osu.edu/b804/804_3.html 88 Poultry Manure (litter and Excreta) in England and Wales in Relation to the Regional Electricity Companies, ADAS, 1993, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file14939.pdf 89 Estimated average calorific values of fuels – 2004, BERR, http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file19273.xls 90 st ETSU R-122: New and Renewable Energy: Prospects for the UK for the 21 Century, Supporting Analysis. 91 Poultry litter as a fuel, World’s Poultry Science Journal, 49, 175-177, Dagnall, S., 1993. 57
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Figure 27 Orchid Environmental proc
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