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96 Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 7.1 Technologies for manufacturing fuels 7.1.1 Mechanical / biological processing of MSW to Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) C & I waste MSW Process Description Mechanical/biological treatment (MBT) encompasses a wide range of technologies aiming to process solid waste by a mixture of mechanical and biological separation. 164 It is not a new technology, and mechanical sorting and biological treatment processes have been used for many years in municipal waste management. MBT plants produce a solid recovered fuel (SRF) product from the drier, higher calorific value fractions of municipal and commercial waste. The first step is aerobic digestion, or fermentation, of solid organic material (composting) with the produced heat drying the waste. It is then mechanically sorted to produce a fuel product that contains mainly paper and plastic. Additional fractions are produced that are suitable for recovery and recycling such as metal, glass and plastic, whilst the remaining waste is stabilised as a pre-treatment to landfill. Commercial status MBT is commercially available in most countries in the EU, and in the UK there are a number of operational sites, these are listed below. Table 48 Risks and barriers for MBT Level of Risk Comment Technical Low Operating commercial plant in existence. Established mature technologies. Social & Planning Medium Not as divisive as an incinerator but still subject of concern as a waste technology. Waste transport is always a primary concern of residents in the locality. Financial Medium Requires revenue from sale of fuel but market not well established. Fuel is still classed as a waste which may give problems with sale and use and hence price. Standards and agreed specifications are needed to make the fuel product a traded commodity. Regulatory Medium Fuel is still classed as a waste which may give problems with sale and use and hence price. The legal status needs to be clarified. Standards would help to clarify definitions. Focusing on one site to give a detailed example of the processes used, the Frog Island site in east London is a recent development using the proprietary Ecodeco process. This process first shreds the waste, then dries it for up to 15 days using the heat from the composting biomass to reduce its moisture 164 Mechanical Biological Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste. Prepared by Enviros Consulting Limited on behalf of Defra as part of the New Technologies Supporter Programme, 2007. Mechanical/Biological Treatment (MBT) SRF
Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 content. The dried waste is then sorted, initially using screen separation, to produce a fuel product (about 50% of the input weight, 15-18 MJ/kg), a metal product (which is recycled), and a residue product (which is landfilled). Equipment such as magnetic separators and eddy current separators are used to recover both ferrous and non-ferrous metal for recycling. Table 49 shows the typical mass balance for the biodrying process. Alternative methods are the Herhof Process, the 3R-UR process and the Draco Process. Table 49 Mass balance (Wt%) for bio-drying plants Fuel product Eco-deco % 50 Recyclables (metal) 5 Process loss (water vapour from drying of input 25 waste) Residue – glass/stone 165 and fines 20 Total 100 Figure 15 Frog Island Ecodeco plant The following examples of operationally active MBT sites in the UK contain a range of processes. The organic fraction is usually further processed, frequently using AD or composting; recyclable materials such as metals are removed and recycled while materials such as glass may be recycled or may be ground and added to the organic compost like output (CLO) fraction. 165 The glass/stone stream could be further processed to produce a product suitable for recycling as an aggregate substitute. 97
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South East 327 - - 55% of MSW by 20
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Appendix 3 MBT Methods Specific in
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Figure 27 Orchid Environmental proc
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