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122 Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 Table 63 shows the incinerator throughput by region in 2007. London and the West Midlands both sent over 0.9 million tonnes to MSW facilities, and the East of England sent almost 0.6 million tonnes to animal by-product facilities. Table 63 Incinerator throughput (‘000 tonnes) by region in 2007 225 Municipal Animal by-product Other Total East Midlands 156 - 183 339 East of England - 583 46 629 London 941 - 105 1,046 North East 206 - 23 229 North West 87 97 193 377 South East 570 34 252 856 South West 2 - 62 64 West Midlands 944 - 102 1,046 Yorkshire and Humber 358 85 105 548 Wales 11 - 25 36 Total 3,278 799 1,095 5,172 Table 66 compares the composition of the mixed/general waste C&I stream with that for municipal solid waste. This shows that, whilst there are differences between the two reported analyses, in general mixed/general C&I waste stream has a higher content combustible content than overall MSW arisings. Table 64 Composition (Wt %) of MSW and mixed/general C&I waste Typical MSW Mixed/general C&I waste Report 1 226 Mixed/general C&I waste Report 2 227 Paper 14 22 14 Cardboard 7 19 20 Plastic film 3 4 7 Dense plastic 4 6 5 Textiles 2 1 2 Other combustibles 12 7 19 Glass 6 4 4 Other non-combustibles 10 2 6 Food waste 19 25 16 Garden waste 14 3 2 Metal 6 5 3 WEEE 2 1 1 Household hazardous 1 1 1 Recycling initiatives for MSW have targeted and therefore removed much of the paper, cardboard, glass, plastic, metal and garden waste categories. The arisings of MSW in the UK are estimated (see Section 4.1) to be 38 million tonnes per annum by 2020. If a 50% recycling target is achieved by 2020, then 19 million tonnes will be recycled, composted or sent to anaerobic digestion facilities. It is more difficult to estimate the amount of MSW that will be landfilled by 2020, but if 20% (8 million tonnes) was directly landfilled, then a potential 11 million tonnes per annum of MSW could be treated in other energy recovery plants (3 million tonnes per annum is already being processed). The need to comply with the Landfill 226 The composition of municipal solid waste in Wales. Report by AEA for the Welsh Assembly Government, December 2003. 227 Determination of the Biodegradability of Mixed Industrial and Commercial Waste Landfilled in Wales. Report by SLR for Environment Agency Wales, November 2007.
Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 Directive requirements for the diversion of biodegradable waste and for the treatment of other wastes prior to landfill mean that EfW is one of the likely options to treat this waste. In addition there are the C&I and C&D wastes that will require treatment and disposal. 8.4 Conclusions for Combustion Technologies Combustion, or incineration is by far the most common method of extracting energy from solid waste either in most European countries, in either untreated form or as a prepared fuel. It summary • Combustion is a well established technology and the main technical challenges have been addressed. Whatever the difficulties with the properties of the fuel engineers have developed robust solutions that have been proven to work commercially at most scales. As a result of this, combustion remains the default technology for heat and power against which all new, more innovative, options must be measured. • There seems to be a combustion solution for all waste fuels. A summary of combustion alternatives, their scales of operation and the range of feedstocks for which they are suitable is given in Table 66. • There remains however significant technical uncertainty surrounding the impact of the composition of the waste on the performance of the heat exchange surfaces, particularly fouling and corrosion. • Other barriers remain, such as the largely negative public perception of such sites in some countries, notably the UK. • A summary of risks and barriers is given in Table 66. • There are countless examples of combustion practice worldwide on which to draw. 123
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South East 327 - - 55% of MSW by 20
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Appendix 3 MBT Methods Specific in
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Figure 27 Orchid Environmental proc
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