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14 Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Fuels and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 Technology Technical Risks Social and Planning Financial Regulatory Gasification High High High Medium Regional Very few operating commercial plant Where process is used Poor track record of Receives subsidy via the for power or CHP. to produce electricity gasification technologies. Renewables Obligation. Status of Significant residual risk in gas on a regional basis as it ash product is unclear under Waste cleaning for power production. will be perceived as an Incineration Directive due to high Substantially lower risk for gas untried form of carbon content. combustion in boilers and process units. incinerator. Gasification Medium Low Medium Medium National Little experience of biomass For syn gas production Poor track record of Receives subsidy via the gasification for this application but at large scale on a gasification technologies but Renewable transport fuels substantial coal experience. petrochemical complex. developers are likely to be obligation. Risk for change in long Closely allied to refinery practice. substantial and have track record of delivery. lead time for build. Pyrolysis all scales High High High Medium Operating commercial plant in Where process is used Few suppliers and uneven Receives subsidy via the existence for oil production little to produce electricity at track record. Renewables Obligation. experience in energy generation. a regional scale where it may be perceived as an untried and unsafe incinerator. Low for syn gas production or thermo chemical fuel production where it will be perceived as another industrial process.
Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Fuels and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 1.4 Green house gas balances Life cycle analyses of waste to energy chains are complex and contain a range of factors that are not always obvious or apparent. As part of this work we carried out analyses for a selection of routes for food waste and wood waste using the Defra / Environment Agency BEAT tool. We also reviewed other work by the Environment Agency. Our conclusions are as follows: • Heat applications are the most beneficial in terms of GHG abatement followed by CHP where the heat load is high. • Transport fuel production by means of gasification is predicted to be mid range. Methanation should be very beneficial if the high grade heat from the exothermal reaction is fully used, however we have no data on these systems at present. • Electricity production comes lower in the hierarchy as do biological transport fuel processes and low heat load CHP. • Those applications that have the highest GHG benefit, such as industrial boilers and smaller CHP, are those that tend to use fuels that have consistent properties that can be stored to match fuel supply with energy demand. These findings reinforce our conclusion that solid recovered fuels and other manufactured fuels are essential to the recovery of energy from waste at high levels of efficiency. • AD schemes score well due to the avoidance of methane emissions from landfill however this is mitigated to some extent by nitrous oxide emissions from land spreading of digestate. 1.5 Challenges, issues and the role of NNFCC Throughout this report we have identified areas of uncertainty, and specific challenges that need work if the full potential of energy from waste is to be realised. These are set out in the table below. Most of these are concerned with building business confidence in the links between each of the technology steps. Not all of this work will come under NNFCC’s remit but a significant amount is concerned with coordination of stakeholders and the provision of information to the market. Those topics we feel are most appropriate for NNFCC initiatives are as follows: • Improve quality of policy and investment decision making by developing an understanding of the fit between SRF properties and energy production technologies. What properties does each of the technologies require? • There is a wide difference in the benefits brought by various waste to energy chains and it is important that policy support those that contribute the most. NNFCC could add value to current and future work by developing an evidence base for the design and implementation of policy and a hierarchy of uses for each class of resource based on environmental and social benefits including life cycle GHG impact. • To maximise the benefits of using waste for energy we will need to change current practices across a wide range of stakeholders. NNFCC could add value by developing an understanding of 15
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South East 327 - - 55% of MSW by 20
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Appendix 3 MBT Methods Specific in
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Figure 27 Orchid Environmental proc
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