to read the full report - Ecolateral by Peter Jones

More documents

Recommendations

Info

24 Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 The waste arisings chapters have been set out as follows: • Chapter 3: UK Waste Arisings A summary of the UK waste categories in general and sub-categories frequently cited as suitable for conversion. • Chapter 4: Waste Arisings by Type A discussion of arisings on a regional basis of the main waste categories including MSW, C&I, C&D, Bio-solids, Agricultural Residues and Forestry Residues. • Chapter 5: Arisings of components suitable for energy An exploration of the waste materials commonly quoted as suitable to recover energy, but spread over a range of waste streams, including waste wood, waste food, tallow, textiles and paper and board. • Chapter 6: Waste Management Legislation and Incentives Legislation and incentives that affect the generation and treatment of wastes. Technology Options Chapters 7 to 10 describe how the waste can be converted to energy. They cover processes that supply heat, electricity, transport fuels and methane for injection to the national transmission system. These technologies are available at a range of sizes that make them suitable for many locations and end users. The physical and chemical properties of the waste often determine the solution used for waste management. For example, at the moment the only energy recovery solution for the majority of wet wastes is anaerobic digestion. For dry wastes (e.g. waste wood) thermal processes such as combustion are the best solution at present. The technology chapters have been set out as follows: • Chapter 7: Solid recovered fuels and other fuels manufactured from waste Processes and products that transform waste into consistent tradable products. • Chapter 8: Energy from Waste using conventional thermal processes Combustion for heat, combined heat and power and power only. Also co-firing with coal in a utility boiler. • Chapter 9: Energy from Waste using Biological Processes Anaerobic Digestion to produce power, CHP and gas for injection into the national gas grid, with a comparison to composting, and the hydrolysis and fermentation of lignocellulosic material to produce alcohols for transport fuels. • Chapter 10: Gasification and Pyrolysis processes for the generation of energy Thermal gasification for subsequent methanation and injection into the national grid at both high and low pressures and gasification and pyrolysis for conversion to transport fuels or methane. Each chapter gives a brief description of the main technologies, with an indication of technical status, scale of operation, risks and barriers to deployment and by-products. Following this description we discuss the UK market situation and give examples of domestic and international practice. The rationale for the content is given below Chapter 11 considers two different waste materials, food waste and wood waste, and explores the GHG savings that could be achieved if they were converted to energy rather than disposed of in the current way. Chapter 12 sets out our proposals to NNFCC for their possible future role in this area. Throughout the report we identify areas of uncertainty, and specific challenges that need work if the full potential of energy from waste is to be realised. We believe NNFCC are ideally placed to contribute in a number of ways to facilitate these changes.
Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Wastes and Energy AEA/ED45551/Issue 1 System Overview An energy system based on the use of wastes and biomass is built up as a chain of several operations. Waste is collected, processed and delivered to a generating plant where it can be converted to heat, power or transport fuels. Each step is delivered by a different sector with its own priorities and constraints. With the exception of conventional incineration all of the energy technologies require the feedstock to be treated to ensure a measure of consistency of composition and properties. In our opinion the conversion of waste components to consistent fuels will be a major factor in enabling more efficient alternatives to be deployed. We have therefore included a chapter describing the technologies used to manufacture these fuels. Technical status The waste management industry prioritises safe and reliable disposal and has in the past selected technologies that guarantee this. Whilst for completeness we describe these more conventional solutions this report, concentrates more on wastes as a resource from the point of view of energy and looks in more detail at those technologies with higher levels of energy efficiency. Scale of operation We consider that energy conversion technologies fall into three broad categories depending on their scale of operation: Local, where the output is typically less than 2 MW and supplies small premises and industries. These operations are suitable for bulky or wet wastes or for smaller energy users that can use clean feedstocks that do not bring with them additional costs for regulatory compliance or pollution control equipment. Typical technologies in this category are anaerobic digestion, and combustion for heat and small CHP. Regional where the output is typically less than 50MW and supplies major users, district heating networks and national electricity and gas networks at the distribution level. These operations are suitable for most wastes and include traditional incineration of municipal wastes. Other technologies would be industrial scale CHP using combustion or gasification, merchant power stations and gasification and subsequent methanation for injection into the natural gas distribution network at low pressure. Fuel supplies will typically be upgraded waste fuels and agricultural residues. National, where the output is typically over 50MW and supplies transport fuel and grid connected synthetic natural gas and electricity. They are major infrastructure projects located on industrial complexes. The need to transport and store large quantities of fuel restricts the choice to relatively dense products. Co-firing at a utility coal fired station also comes in this category. Risks and barriers Innovative processes in the waste management market face a wide range of technical and non technical risks and barriers to deployment. For each technology we discuss these and the relationship with the technical status. Examples of UK and international practice Many countries are ahead of the UK in implementing new technologies and there is much to learn. Consequently we describe examples that demonstrate the application of new or strategically important technologies for energy from waste. 25
Page 1 and 2: Evaluation of Opportunities for Con
Page 23: Evaluation of Opportunities for Con
Page 75 and 76:
Evaluation of Opportunities for Con
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189:
South East 327 - - 55% of MSW by 20
Page 192 and 193:
Appendix 3 MBT Methods Specific in
Page 194 and 195:
Figure 27 Orchid Environmental proc
show all

to read the full report - Ecolateral by Peter Jones

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?