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3 Kijk, op deze foto zie je mijn vriendin Clara, over wie ik je vertelde. Look, in this photo you see my friend Clara, about whom I told you. 4 Dat is de persoon aan wie je moet vragen van welk perron de trein vertrekt. That’s the person whom you should ask from which platform the train is leaving. The relative pronoun wie is also used when there is not an explicit antecedent, as in English ‘whoever’. In Dutch we often see this form in proverbs. Examples: 5 Wie niet horen wil, moet voelen. He/she who doesn’t want to listen, must feel. 6 Wie zoet is krijgt lekkers, wie stout is de roe. The sweet children will get sweets, the naughty ones will be punished (line from a St Nicholas song). 7 Wie zich nog niet ingeschreven heeft, kan dat hier nog doen. Whoever has not yet registered, can still do that here. Separation of the relative pronoun with waar + preposition All relative clauses are subordinated clauses. The conjugated verb goes to the end. In a longer sentence, the relative pronoun with waar + preposition often gets separated, especially in speech. Neither form is more correct, it is a matter of preference. Examples: Dit is het programma waarmee ik al mijn financiën doe. This is the program with which I do all my finances. Alternative: Dit is het programma waar ik al mijn financiën mee doe. Kleren zijn dingen waaraan je niet zo veel geld moet uitgeven. Clothes are things on which you shouldn’t spend so much. Alternative: Kleren zijn dingen waar je niet zo veel geld aan moet uitgeven. Note that the preposition, when it is separated from waar-, goes to the end of the sentence right before the conjugated form of the verb group (see underlining). Separation of the relative pronoun with waar + preposition 117
17 Relative clauses 118 Relative sentences with modal verbs As in any subordinated sentence, in a relative sentence the modal (or auxiliary) verb, the conjugated verb, goes to the end of the sentence. However, it can be placed right before or right after the infinitive. When the verb group consists of more than one infinitive, the auxiliary verb must come before the infinitive group. Examples with underlining: Dit is het boek dat ik voor m’n examen moet lezen. This is the book that I have to read for my exam. Alternative: Dit is het boek dat ik voor m’n examen lezen moet. Dit is het boek dat ik voor m’n examen zal moeten lezen. This is the book that I will have to read for my exam. Relative sentences with separable verbs When the relative sentence contains a separable verb, the same rules apply as discussed in the chapter on separable verbs. Note, however, the variety in word order options for relative sentences beginning with waar + preposition. The option to separate the relative pronoun creates different possibilities in word order. A few examples: Hier zijn de houtjes waarmee je het vuur aanmaakt. Here’s the wood with which you start the fire. Alternative: . . . waar je het vuur mee aanmaakt. Er waren houtjes waarmee we het vuur aangemaakt hebben. There was wood, with which we started the fire. Alternative: . . . waar we het vuur mee aan hebben gemaakt. Er waren houtjes waarmee we het vuur moesten aanmaken. There was wood, with which we had to start the fire. Or: . . . waar we het vuur mee aan moesten maken. Note: When you separate the relative pronoun as well as the separable verb, the preposition (mee in the sentence above) must be placed right before the separable prefix of the main verb (aan in the sentence above). Also, there is no hierarchy in these examples in terms of grammatical correctness. It is a matter of personal and regional preference, but the varieties with separated verbs and pronouns are more common in speech. For more information on this topic, see also the units on infinitive constructions and word order.
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INTERMEDIATE DUTCH: A GRAMMAR AND W
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INTERMEDIATE DUTCH: A GRAMMAR AND W
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CONTENTS Preface vii 1 Conjunctions
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PREFACE This book is an intermediat
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UNIT ONE Conjunctions Introduction
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Section 2: Subordinating conjunctio
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The action or event of a sentence w
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voorzichtig en langzaam rijden. Hij
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Peters toekomst: Ik wil èn een int
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Exercise 1.4 Fill in the correct co
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Exercise 1.8 Speaking exercise. Wha
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they usually follow the verb, but t
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De trein was te laat. Dus kwam ik t
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Ik kan niet komen, ik heb te veel h
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5 Het regende op Sylvia’s bruilof
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The suffix -ing is used to form nou
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Other common suffixes for the forma
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A special category in this group ar
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Exercise 3.5 Underline the compound
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Participles The past participle and
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-lijk zakelijk businesslike, fatsoe
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combination hoe...hoe...can also be
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Exercise 4.3 Look at the data and c
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UNIT FIVE Possessives Introduction
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Examples: Wiens koffie is dit? Whos
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3 Erik: Onze hond is lui. Is (yours
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UNIT SIX Indefinite pronouns Introd
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Men bouwt hier een nieuw winkelcent
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In the singular, the pronoun al is
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De kinderen krijgen allemaal een ap
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5a Peter: Ik zoek ______ voor m’n
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UNIT SEVEN The pronouns zich, zelf
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The unstressed forms we and ze are
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Exercise 7.2 Fill in the blanks wit
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Zulk The pronoun zulk ‘such’ is
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Exercise 8.3 Speaking exercise. Cho
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1 Erik komt niet. Erik isn’t comi
Page 76 and 77: Ik hoop niet dat het gaat regenen.
Page 78 and 79: Exercise 9.4 Give a negative answer
Page 80 and 81: met Wat doe je met een pen? Ik schr
Page 82 and 83: When used in a main sentence to ref
Page 84 and 85: (1) Erik en Sanne zijn een week naa
Page 86 and 87: UNIT ELEVEN Pronominal adverbs Intr
Page 88 and 89: 5 Praat Erik vaak over politiek? Ne
Page 90 and 91: Waar ga je naartoe? Waar ga je heen
Page 92 and 93: 4 Linda: Ja, ________ Sanne: Ik ben
Page 94 and 95: Often, you will see the verb zetten
Page 96 and 97: How to use these verbs for people r
Page 98 and 99: 3 Sanne legt/stopt/zet de was in de
Page 100 and 101: Peter zit een essay te schrijven. K
Page 102 and 103: Durative constructions with bezig z
Page 104 and 105: 1 Erik zit op de bank en hij leest
Page 106 and 107: Ik zag patat etende mensen op straa
Page 108 and 109: Exercise 14.1 Change the relative s
Page 110 and 111: UNIT FIFTEEN Talking about the futu
Page 112 and 113: Exercise 15.1 Write the sentences o
Page 114 and 115: UNIT SIXTEEN Separable and insepara
Page 116 and 117: Erik zegt dat hij en Sanne zaterdag
Page 118 and 119: Subordinated sentence: Sanne dacht,
Page 120 and 121: Exercise 16.1 Put the sentences int
Page 122 and 123: UNIT SEVENTEEN Relative clauses Int
Page 124 and 125: Wie without antecedent Sometimes, t
Page 128 and 129: Exercise 17.1 Enter the correct rel
Page 130 and 131: UNIT EIGHTEEN Indirect speech Intro
Page 132 and 133: A few notes on word order in indire
Page 134 and 135: Exercise 18.3 Speaking exercise. Si
Page 136 and 137: From the speaker’s perspective, a
Page 138 and 139: Als ik geld had gehad, dan zou ik d
Page 140 and 141: Erik: Het zou me niet verbazen. I w
Page 142 and 143: UNIT TWENTY The passive Introductio
Page 144 and 145: The passive without emphasis on the
Page 146 and 147: Het dak zal niet meer gerepareerd k
Page 148 and 149: Exercise 20.2 As mentioned before,
Page 150 and 151: Example: glas in de voordeur - brek
Page 152 and 153: Erik heeft niet kunnen komen. Erik
Page 154 and 155: We zouden kunnen gaan vissen. We co
Page 156 and 157: Exercise 21.2 Put the sentences int
Page 158 and 159: Personal pronouns werken rijden ik,
Page 160 and 161: Before Erik went to study in Gronin
Page 162 and 163: a Ik heb in Groningen gestudeerd. b
Page 164 and 165: of the sentence takes place in the
Page 166 and 167: 1 Eerst las ik m’n email. Toen gi
Page 168 and 169: in berusten in acquiesce in delen i
Page 170 and 171: uit van De dief werd tot twee jaar
Page 172 and 173: Daar neem ik geen genoegen mee. I
Page 174 and 175: UNIT TWENTY-FOUR Word order Introdu
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Subject Verb Subject Middle Verb gr
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For more examples of word order wit
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2 Hij komt op tijd op z’n werk, h
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APPENDIX Strong and irregular verbs
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smelten smolt gesmolten melt treffe
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schijnen scheen geschenen shine, ap
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KEY TO EXERCISES Unit 1 Exercise 1.
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Unit 3 Exercise 3.1 1 kinderschoene
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Exercise 6.2 1 je, je. 2 Ze. 3 je,
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met die wiskundeopgave kan helpen.
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Exercise 11.5 1 Nee, daar heb ik oo
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Unit 15 Exercise 15.1 1 Woensdagavo
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Exercise 17.3 1...waarmee je kunt s
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Exercise 19.5 1 Zou je mijn planten
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Unit 22 Exercise 22.1 1 b. 2 b. 3 a
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INDEX Page numbers in bold refer to
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echter 17 -e/-en/-er in noun deriva
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objects see also object forms and a
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conjunctions/conjunctional adverbs
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