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UNIT SIX Indefinite pronouns Introduction This unit is an introduction to the most commonly used indefinite pronouns. Indefinite pronouns refer to unspecified people or things. For information on indefinite numbers, check Unit 4 of Basic Dutch. Indefinite pronouns men one iemand someone je one niemand no one ze they iets, wat something we we (in general) niets, niks nothing al all elk(e) each, every alle(n) all ieder(e) each, every alles everything iedereen everyone allemaal all Men, je, ze, we The indefinite pronoun men is used to make general, rather formal statements. It can only be used in the subject position, and the verb form is singular. Examples: Men mag hier niet roken. Smoking is prohibited. Men zegt dat Napoleon hier They say that Napoleon slept here. geslapen heeft. In a statement with men, the emphasis lies on the action rather than the agent of the action. In Dutch, such statements are often expressed in the passive form. Compare: 45
6 Indefinite pronouns 46 Men mag hier niet roken. Passive: Hier mag niet gerookt worden. Men zegt dat Napoleon hier Passive: Er wordt gezegd dat geslapen heeft. Napoleon hier geslapen heeft. The pronoun men is primarily used in formal speech. In less formal speech, Dutch uses the pronouns je, ze and we. While men can only be used in the subject position in the sentence, je can take both the subject and object positions. Examples: In dat restaurant kun je heerlijk eten. One can have delicious meals in that restaurant. Als je (subject) een beetje extra betaalt, laat een gids je (object) de hele stad zien. If you pay a little extra, a guide will show you the whole city. A sentence with indefinite je includes the speaker and the listener and is therefore more personal. However, using indefinite je is not always possible. In some contexts, indefinite je could create confusion with the personal pronoun je. Compare: Men zegt dat er een hittegolf komt. They say there is going to be a heatwave. Je zegt dat er een hittegolf komt. – This would be incorrect. In such contexts, men can always be replaced with the more informal ze. Example: Ze zeggen dat er een hittegolf komt. They say there is going to be a heatwave. The other more personal form that includes the speaker and the listener is we. Compare the following sentences that could be found in a grammar book: Hier gebruikt men het bepaald lidwoord. Here, the definite article is used. Hier gebruiken we het bepaald lidwoord. Here, we use the definite article. Essentially, the two sentences mean the same, but the sentence with we is more informal, more personal. The same can be said for the more informal form ze. It doesn’t include speaker and listener, but it is much more common than men. Compare:
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INTERMEDIATE DUTCH: A GRAMMAR AND W
Page 4 and 5: INTERMEDIATE DUTCH: A GRAMMAR AND W
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS Preface vii 1 Conjunctions
Page 8 and 9: PREFACE This book is an intermediat
Page 10 and 11: UNIT ONE Conjunctions Introduction
Page 12 and 13: Section 2: Subordinating conjunctio
Page 14 and 15: The action or event of a sentence w
Page 16 and 17: voorzichtig en langzaam rijden. Hij
Page 18 and 19: Peters toekomst: Ik wil èn een int
Page 20 and 21: Exercise 1.4 Fill in the correct co
Page 22 and 23: Exercise 1.8 Speaking exercise. Wha
Page 24 and 25: they usually follow the verb, but t
Page 26 and 27: De trein was te laat. Dus kwam ik t
Page 28 and 29: Ik kan niet komen, ik heb te veel h
Page 30 and 31: 5 Het regende op Sylvia’s bruilof
Page 32 and 33: The suffix -ing is used to form nou
Page 34 and 35: Other common suffixes for the forma
Page 36 and 37: A special category in this group ar
Page 38 and 39: Exercise 3.5 Underline the compound
Page 40 and 41: Participles The past participle and
Page 42 and 43: -lijk zakelijk businesslike, fatsoe
Page 44 and 45: combination hoe...hoe...can also be
Page 46 and 47: Exercise 4.3 Look at the data and c
Page 48 and 49: UNIT FIVE Possessives Introduction
Page 50 and 51: Examples: Wiens koffie is dit? Whos
Page 52 and 53: 3 Erik: Onze hond is lui. Is (yours
Page 56 and 57: Men bouwt hier een nieuw winkelcent
Page 58 and 59: In the singular, the pronoun al is
Page 60 and 61: De kinderen krijgen allemaal een ap
Page 62 and 63: 5a Peter: Ik zoek ______ voor m’n
Page 64 and 65: UNIT SEVEN The pronouns zich, zelf
Page 66 and 67: The unstressed forms we and ze are
Page 68 and 69: Exercise 7.2 Fill in the blanks wit
Page 70 and 71: Zulk The pronoun zulk ‘such’ is
Page 72 and 73: Exercise 8.3 Speaking exercise. Cho
Page 74 and 75: 1 Erik komt niet. Erik isn’t comi
Page 76 and 77: Ik hoop niet dat het gaat regenen.
Page 78 and 79: Exercise 9.4 Give a negative answer
Page 80 and 81: met Wat doe je met een pen? Ik schr
Page 82 and 83: When used in a main sentence to ref
Page 84 and 85: (1) Erik en Sanne zijn een week naa
Page 86 and 87: UNIT ELEVEN Pronominal adverbs Intr
Page 88 and 89: 5 Praat Erik vaak over politiek? Ne
Page 90 and 91: Waar ga je naartoe? Waar ga je heen
Page 92 and 93: 4 Linda: Ja, ________ Sanne: Ik ben
Page 94 and 95: Often, you will see the verb zetten
Page 96 and 97: How to use these verbs for people r
Page 98 and 99: 3 Sanne legt/stopt/zet de was in de
Page 100 and 101: Peter zit een essay te schrijven. K
Page 102 and 103: Durative constructions with bezig z
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1 Erik zit op de bank en hij leest
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Ik zag patat etende mensen op straa
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Exercise 14.1 Change the relative s
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UNIT FIFTEEN Talking about the futu
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Exercise 15.1 Write the sentences o
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UNIT SIXTEEN Separable and insepara
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Erik zegt dat hij en Sanne zaterdag
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Subordinated sentence: Sanne dacht,
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Exercise 16.1 Put the sentences int
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UNIT SEVENTEEN Relative clauses Int
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Wie without antecedent Sometimes, t
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3 Kijk, op deze foto zie je mijn vr
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Exercise 17.1 Enter the correct rel
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UNIT EIGHTEEN Indirect speech Intro
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A few notes on word order in indire
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Exercise 18.3 Speaking exercise. Si
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From the speaker’s perspective, a
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Als ik geld had gehad, dan zou ik d
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Erik: Het zou me niet verbazen. I w
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UNIT TWENTY The passive Introductio
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The passive without emphasis on the
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Het dak zal niet meer gerepareerd k
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Exercise 20.2 As mentioned before,
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Example: glas in de voordeur - brek
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Erik heeft niet kunnen komen. Erik
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We zouden kunnen gaan vissen. We co
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Exercise 21.2 Put the sentences int
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Personal pronouns werken rijden ik,
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Before Erik went to study in Gronin
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a Ik heb in Groningen gestudeerd. b
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of the sentence takes place in the
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1 Eerst las ik m’n email. Toen gi
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in berusten in acquiesce in delen i
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uit van De dief werd tot twee jaar
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Daar neem ik geen genoegen mee. I
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UNIT TWENTY-FOUR Word order Introdu
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Subject Verb Subject Middle Verb gr
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For more examples of word order wit
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2 Hij komt op tijd op z’n werk, h
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APPENDIX Strong and irregular verbs
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smelten smolt gesmolten melt treffe
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schijnen scheen geschenen shine, ap
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KEY TO EXERCISES Unit 1 Exercise 1.
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Unit 3 Exercise 3.1 1 kinderschoene
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Exercise 6.2 1 je, je. 2 Ze. 3 je,
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met die wiskundeopgave kan helpen.
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Exercise 11.5 1 Nee, daar heb ik oo
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Unit 15 Exercise 15.1 1 Woensdagavo
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Exercise 17.3 1...waarmee je kunt s
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Exercise 19.5 1 Zou je mijn planten
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Unit 22 Exercise 22.1 1 b. 2 b. 3 a
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INDEX Page numbers in bold refer to
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echter 17 -e/-en/-er in noun deriva
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objects see also object forms and a
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conjunctions/conjunctional adverbs
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