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they usually follow the verb, but they can also come after a direct object. Note also that each conjunctional adverb links its sentence to the sentence before it in a meaningful way (this is how it differs from a regular adverb), creating a relationship of time, cause and effect, contrast or conclusion. Conjunctional adverbs of time daarna, daarvoor after that, before that dan, toen then, at that moment The adverbs daarna and daarvoor are used to express an order of events. They can be at the beginning or after the verb in the second of two main sentences. Examples: Erik heeft een belangrijke afspraak. Daarna gaat hij met een collega lunchen. Erik has an important appointment today. After that he’ll go out to lunch with a colleague. Alternative: Hij gaat daarna met een collega lunchen. Sanne was gisteren voor het eerst in een yogales. Daarvoor was ze nog nooit in een yogales geweest. Sanne was in a yoga class yesterday for the first time. Before that, she had never been in a yoga class. Alternative: Ze was daarvoor nog nooit in een yogales geweest. The conjunctional adverbs dan and toen have a similar function, to express a certain order or a specific point in time. An important difference, however, is that toen is only used for past events, while dan can be used for both. If dan is used in the past tense, it describes recurrent events, habits, what one used to do regularly. Examples: Erik zat al in de trein. Toen merkte hij dat hij zijn abonnement vergeten had. Erik was already on the train. Then he noticed he had forgotten his train pass. In 1992 waren Erik en Sanne in Parijs. Ze hadden toen nog geen kinderen. In 1992, Erik and Sanne were in Paris. They didn’t have children at the time. Note the difference here between toen as a conjunctional adverb and toen as a proper conjunction. As a proper conjunction, toen takes a Conjunctional adverbs of time 15
2 Conjunctional adverbs 16 subordinated sentence (Toen Erik merkte dat hij zijn abonnement vergeten was...). Examples with dan: Erik gaat lunchen met een collega. Dan (= daarna) heeft hij een bespreking met zijn baas. Erik is going to lunch with a colleague. Then he has a meeting with his boss. Bij oma dronken we altijd eerst koffie. Dan kwam er een warme maaltijd op tafel. At grandma’s we always drank coffee first. Then the table was set for a warm meal. Ik kan morgenavond niet met je naar de film. Dan heb ik volleybal. I can’t go to the movies with you tomorrow night. I’m playing volleyball then. For information on other adverbs of time and those expressing the order of events, check Units 5 and 13 in Basic Dutch. Conjunctional adverbs of cause and effect daarom therefore daardoor because of that dus thus, so The adverbs daarom and daardoor are almost identical, although daarom is used more to express a reason, while daardoor explains a cause. Examples: Erik heeft zijn trein gemist en daarom is hij nu te laat. Erik missed his train and therefore he is now too late. Alternative: Hij is daarom nu te laat. De plant stond te dicht bij de brandende kaars. Daardoor zijn er een paar blaadjes verbrand. The plant was too close to the burning candle. That’s how some leaves got burned. Alternative: Er zijn daardoor een paar blaadjes verbrand. The adverb dus expresses a reason, cause or consequence. It is very flexible in its position in the sentence. When it is at the beginning of the sentence, subject and verb can be in their regular positions or they can be inverted. It can also follow the verb or other sentence elements. Examples:
Page 2 and 3: INTERMEDIATE DUTCH: A GRAMMAR AND W
Page 4 and 5: INTERMEDIATE DUTCH: A GRAMMAR AND W
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS Preface vii 1 Conjunctions
Page 8 and 9: PREFACE This book is an intermediat
Page 10 and 11: UNIT ONE Conjunctions Introduction
Page 12 and 13: Section 2: Subordinating conjunctio
Page 14 and 15: The action or event of a sentence w
Page 16 and 17: voorzichtig en langzaam rijden. Hij
Page 18 and 19: Peters toekomst: Ik wil èn een int
Page 20 and 21: Exercise 1.4 Fill in the correct co
Page 22 and 23: Exercise 1.8 Speaking exercise. Wha
Page 26 and 27: De trein was te laat. Dus kwam ik t
Page 28 and 29: Ik kan niet komen, ik heb te veel h
Page 30 and 31: 5 Het regende op Sylvia’s bruilof
Page 32 and 33: The suffix -ing is used to form nou
Page 34 and 35: Other common suffixes for the forma
Page 36 and 37: A special category in this group ar
Page 38 and 39: Exercise 3.5 Underline the compound
Page 40 and 41: Participles The past participle and
Page 42 and 43: -lijk zakelijk businesslike, fatsoe
Page 44 and 45: combination hoe...hoe...can also be
Page 46 and 47: Exercise 4.3 Look at the data and c
Page 48 and 49: UNIT FIVE Possessives Introduction
Page 50 and 51: Examples: Wiens koffie is dit? Whos
Page 52 and 53: 3 Erik: Onze hond is lui. Is (yours
Page 54 and 55: UNIT SIX Indefinite pronouns Introd
Page 56 and 57: Men bouwt hier een nieuw winkelcent
Page 58 and 59: In the singular, the pronoun al is
Page 60 and 61: De kinderen krijgen allemaal een ap
Page 62 and 63: 5a Peter: Ik zoek ______ voor m’n
Page 64 and 65: UNIT SEVEN The pronouns zich, zelf
Page 66 and 67: The unstressed forms we and ze are
Page 68 and 69: Exercise 7.2 Fill in the blanks wit
Page 70 and 71: Zulk The pronoun zulk ‘such’ is
Page 72 and 73: Exercise 8.3 Speaking exercise. Cho
Page 74 and 75:
1 Erik komt niet. Erik isn’t comi
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Ik hoop niet dat het gaat regenen.
Page 78 and 79:
Exercise 9.4 Give a negative answer
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met Wat doe je met een pen? Ik schr
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When used in a main sentence to ref
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(1) Erik en Sanne zijn een week naa
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UNIT ELEVEN Pronominal adverbs Intr
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5 Praat Erik vaak over politiek? Ne
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Waar ga je naartoe? Waar ga je heen
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4 Linda: Ja, ________ Sanne: Ik ben
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Often, you will see the verb zetten
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How to use these verbs for people r
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3 Sanne legt/stopt/zet de was in de
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Peter zit een essay te schrijven. K
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Durative constructions with bezig z
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1 Erik zit op de bank en hij leest
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Ik zag patat etende mensen op straa
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Exercise 14.1 Change the relative s
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UNIT FIFTEEN Talking about the futu
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Exercise 15.1 Write the sentences o
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UNIT SIXTEEN Separable and insepara
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Erik zegt dat hij en Sanne zaterdag
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Subordinated sentence: Sanne dacht,
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Exercise 16.1 Put the sentences int
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UNIT SEVENTEEN Relative clauses Int
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Wie without antecedent Sometimes, t
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3 Kijk, op deze foto zie je mijn vr
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Exercise 17.1 Enter the correct rel
Page 130 and 131:
UNIT EIGHTEEN Indirect speech Intro
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A few notes on word order in indire
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Exercise 18.3 Speaking exercise. Si
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From the speaker’s perspective, a
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Als ik geld had gehad, dan zou ik d
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Erik: Het zou me niet verbazen. I w
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UNIT TWENTY The passive Introductio
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The passive without emphasis on the
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Het dak zal niet meer gerepareerd k
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Exercise 20.2 As mentioned before,
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Example: glas in de voordeur - brek
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Erik heeft niet kunnen komen. Erik
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We zouden kunnen gaan vissen. We co
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Exercise 21.2 Put the sentences int
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Personal pronouns werken rijden ik,
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Before Erik went to study in Gronin
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a Ik heb in Groningen gestudeerd. b
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of the sentence takes place in the
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1 Eerst las ik m’n email. Toen gi
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in berusten in acquiesce in delen i
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uit van De dief werd tot twee jaar
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Daar neem ik geen genoegen mee. I
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UNIT TWENTY-FOUR Word order Introdu
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Subject Verb Subject Middle Verb gr
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For more examples of word order wit
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2 Hij komt op tijd op z’n werk, h
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APPENDIX Strong and irregular verbs
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smelten smolt gesmolten melt treffe
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schijnen scheen geschenen shine, ap
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KEY TO EXERCISES Unit 1 Exercise 1.
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Unit 3 Exercise 3.1 1 kinderschoene
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Exercise 6.2 1 je, je. 2 Ze. 3 je,
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met die wiskundeopgave kan helpen.
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Exercise 11.5 1 Nee, daar heb ik oo
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Unit 15 Exercise 15.1 1 Woensdagavo
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Exercise 17.3 1...waarmee je kunt s
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Exercise 19.5 1 Zou je mijn planten
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Unit 22 Exercise 22.1 1 b. 2 b. 3 a
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INDEX Page numbers in bold refer to
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echter 17 -e/-en/-er in noun deriva
Page 210 and 211:
objects see also object forms and a
Page 212 and 213:
conjunctions/conjunctional adverbs
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