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In the singular, the pronoun al is used before uncountable nouns with het, with a demonstrative pronoun or with a possessive pronoun. Examples for each: Is al het bier uitverkocht? Is the beer all sold out? Al die pijn, helemaal voor niks! All that pain, totally for nothing! Al dat gezeur over politiek! All that nagging about politics! Ik heb al mijn brood opgegeten. I finished all my bread. In the plural, the pronoun al is used before demonstratives and possessive pronouns. Examples: Al deze mensen hebben een uitnodiging gekregen. All these people have been invited. Zijn al die sokken hier van jou? Are all those socks here yours? Al mijn witte overhemden zijn in de was. All my white shirts are in the laundry. Peter heeft al zijn broodjes gegeten. Peter has eaten all his sandwiches. The pronoun alle is used before uncountable or abstract de-words in the singular. Examples of such words are koffie ‘coffee’, suiker ‘sugar’, moeite ‘effort’, macht ‘power’, pijn ‘pain’ and the like. Alle is also used before countable nouns in the plural. Examples: Alle koffie is op. All the coffee is finished. Alle macht is in handen van de multinationals. All power is in the hands of the multinationals. Alle kinderen krijgen een speculaaspop. All kids will get a gingerbread man. The pronoun alle is also used before a number standing by itself or a number in combination with de, with a demonstrative or with a possessive pronoun. Examples: Alle vijf huizen zijn verkocht. All five houses have been sold. Alle drie de katten hebben een inenting gekregen. All three cats have had a shot. Indefinite pronouns 49
6 Indefinite pronouns 50 Heb je alle vier die koekjes opgegeten? Did you eat all four of those cookies? Alle drie onze kinderen studeren. All three of our children go to university. The pronoun allen is used only to refer to a group of persons. In more informal speech, allen is replaced by iedereen, which is much more common. Examples: Ik heb allen een uitnodiging gestuurd. I have sent an invitation to everyone. Ik heb iedereen een uitnodiging gestuurd. I have sent an invitation to everyone. The pronoun alles is used to refer to a group of things; it is the opposite of niets. A relative sentence following this pronoun will begin with wat. Examples: Ik heb alles gehoord. I heard everything. Alles wat je daar zegt, is grote kletskoek. Everything you’re saying there is hogwash. In combination with a preposition, alles is often replaced by overal. Example: Jij denkt aan alles! → Jij denkt overal aan! You think about everything. If the sentence has a direct object, the object is placed after overal and before the preposition. The preposition is at the end of the sentence. Example: Hij heeft een mening over alles. → Hij heeft overal een mening over. He has an opinion about everything. Jij maakt een punt van alles! → Jij maakt overal een punt van. You make an issue out of everything. The pronoun allemaal is used primarily in speech. Its position in the sentence is after the noun or pronoun to which it refers and after the finite verb. It can refer to persons and things. Examples:
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INTERMEDIATE DUTCH: A GRAMMAR AND W
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INTERMEDIATE DUTCH: A GRAMMAR AND W
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CONTENTS Preface vii 1 Conjunctions
Page 8 and 9: PREFACE This book is an intermediat
Page 10 and 11: UNIT ONE Conjunctions Introduction
Page 12 and 13: Section 2: Subordinating conjunctio
Page 14 and 15: The action or event of a sentence w
Page 16 and 17: voorzichtig en langzaam rijden. Hij
Page 18 and 19: Peters toekomst: Ik wil èn een int
Page 20 and 21: Exercise 1.4 Fill in the correct co
Page 22 and 23: Exercise 1.8 Speaking exercise. Wha
Page 24 and 25: they usually follow the verb, but t
Page 26 and 27: De trein was te laat. Dus kwam ik t
Page 28 and 29: Ik kan niet komen, ik heb te veel h
Page 30 and 31: 5 Het regende op Sylvia’s bruilof
Page 32 and 33: The suffix -ing is used to form nou
Page 34 and 35: Other common suffixes for the forma
Page 36 and 37: A special category in this group ar
Page 38 and 39: Exercise 3.5 Underline the compound
Page 40 and 41: Participles The past participle and
Page 42 and 43: -lijk zakelijk businesslike, fatsoe
Page 44 and 45: combination hoe...hoe...can also be
Page 46 and 47: Exercise 4.3 Look at the data and c
Page 48 and 49: UNIT FIVE Possessives Introduction
Page 50 and 51: Examples: Wiens koffie is dit? Whos
Page 52 and 53: 3 Erik: Onze hond is lui. Is (yours
Page 54 and 55: UNIT SIX Indefinite pronouns Introd
Page 56 and 57: Men bouwt hier een nieuw winkelcent
Page 60 and 61: De kinderen krijgen allemaal een ap
Page 62 and 63: 5a Peter: Ik zoek ______ voor m’n
Page 64 and 65: UNIT SEVEN The pronouns zich, zelf
Page 66 and 67: The unstressed forms we and ze are
Page 68 and 69: Exercise 7.2 Fill in the blanks wit
Page 70 and 71: Zulk The pronoun zulk ‘such’ is
Page 72 and 73: Exercise 8.3 Speaking exercise. Cho
Page 74 and 75: 1 Erik komt niet. Erik isn’t comi
Page 76 and 77: Ik hoop niet dat het gaat regenen.
Page 78 and 79: Exercise 9.4 Give a negative answer
Page 80 and 81: met Wat doe je met een pen? Ik schr
Page 82 and 83: When used in a main sentence to ref
Page 84 and 85: (1) Erik en Sanne zijn een week naa
Page 86 and 87: UNIT ELEVEN Pronominal adverbs Intr
Page 88 and 89: 5 Praat Erik vaak over politiek? Ne
Page 90 and 91: Waar ga je naartoe? Waar ga je heen
Page 92 and 93: 4 Linda: Ja, ________ Sanne: Ik ben
Page 94 and 95: Often, you will see the verb zetten
Page 96 and 97: How to use these verbs for people r
Page 98 and 99: 3 Sanne legt/stopt/zet de was in de
Page 100 and 101: Peter zit een essay te schrijven. K
Page 102 and 103: Durative constructions with bezig z
Page 104 and 105: 1 Erik zit op de bank en hij leest
Page 106 and 107: Ik zag patat etende mensen op straa
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Exercise 14.1 Change the relative s
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UNIT FIFTEEN Talking about the futu
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Exercise 15.1 Write the sentences o
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UNIT SIXTEEN Separable and insepara
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Erik zegt dat hij en Sanne zaterdag
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Subordinated sentence: Sanne dacht,
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Exercise 16.1 Put the sentences int
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UNIT SEVENTEEN Relative clauses Int
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Wie without antecedent Sometimes, t
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3 Kijk, op deze foto zie je mijn vr
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Exercise 17.1 Enter the correct rel
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UNIT EIGHTEEN Indirect speech Intro
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A few notes on word order in indire
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Exercise 18.3 Speaking exercise. Si
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From the speaker’s perspective, a
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Als ik geld had gehad, dan zou ik d
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Erik: Het zou me niet verbazen. I w
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UNIT TWENTY The passive Introductio
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The passive without emphasis on the
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Het dak zal niet meer gerepareerd k
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Exercise 20.2 As mentioned before,
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Example: glas in de voordeur - brek
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Erik heeft niet kunnen komen. Erik
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We zouden kunnen gaan vissen. We co
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Exercise 21.2 Put the sentences int
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Personal pronouns werken rijden ik,
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Before Erik went to study in Gronin
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a Ik heb in Groningen gestudeerd. b
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of the sentence takes place in the
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1 Eerst las ik m’n email. Toen gi
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in berusten in acquiesce in delen i
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uit van De dief werd tot twee jaar
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Daar neem ik geen genoegen mee. I
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UNIT TWENTY-FOUR Word order Introdu
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Subject Verb Subject Middle Verb gr
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For more examples of word order wit
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2 Hij komt op tijd op z’n werk, h
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APPENDIX Strong and irregular verbs
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smelten smolt gesmolten melt treffe
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schijnen scheen geschenen shine, ap
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KEY TO EXERCISES Unit 1 Exercise 1.
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Unit 3 Exercise 3.1 1 kinderschoene
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Exercise 6.2 1 je, je. 2 Ze. 3 je,
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met die wiskundeopgave kan helpen.
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Exercise 11.5 1 Nee, daar heb ik oo
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Unit 15 Exercise 15.1 1 Woensdagavo
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Exercise 17.3 1...waarmee je kunt s
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Exercise 19.5 1 Zou je mijn planten
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Unit 22 Exercise 22.1 1 b. 2 b. 3 a
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INDEX Page numbers in bold refer to
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echter 17 -e/-en/-er in noun deriva
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objects see also object forms and a
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conjunctions/conjunctional adverbs
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