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voorzichtig en langzaam rijden. Hij kon maar 40 kilometer per uur rijden, zodat hij toch nog te laat op zijn werk kwam. Erik left early for work today, because the weather was bad. And because the road was slippery, he had to drive very carefully and slowly. He could only drive at 40 kilometers per hour, so that he arrived late for work after all. The meaning of omdat, aangezien, daar and doordat ‘because’ is very similar, they all give a reason or cause. However, while omdat, aangezien and daar are more or less interchangeable, doordat cannot be used in each context. The function of doordat is to give a cause of a more instrumental or mechanical nature; the closest equivalent in English is ‘on account of ’, ‘as a result of ’. When in doubt, use omdat because this is the most frequently used conjunction that fits all contexts, particularly in spoken and informal Dutch. Both aangezien and daar are more formal and elevated. The function of zodat in this context is to indicate an effect. Conditional conjunctions als if indien if mits on condition that, provided tenzij unless All four conjunctions express a condition, but some are used in formal, and others in more informal situations. Example 1 is informal, 2 is formal: 1 Als jij vanavond wilt voetballen, moet je eerst je huiswerk afmaken. Dan kun je gaan, tenzij het regent natuurlijk. If you want to play soccer tonight, you have to finish your homework first. Then you can go, unless it rains, of course. 2 Indien het apparaat niet aan uw verwachtingen voldoet, kunt u het binnen acht dagen ruilen, mits u het in de originele verpakking terugbrengt. If the tool doesn’t meet your expectations, you can exchange it within eight days, provided you bring it back in its original packaging. Conjunctions of contrast hoewel, alhoewel although, even though ondanks (het feit) dat despite the fact that ofschoon although, even though terwijl while, whilst, even though Section 2: Subordinatingconjunctions 7
1 Conjunctions 8 Examples in context: Hoewel het vanmorgen slecht weer was, ben ik toch met de auto naar m’n werk gegaan. Ofschoon ik langzaam reed, ben ik in een scherpe bocht van de weg gevlogen. Ik kwam in de greppel terecht, terwijl ik maar 40 kilometer per uur reed. Ondanks dat het me een uur kostte de auto weer op de weg te krijgen, kwam ik toch nog heelhuids op m’n werk aan. Although the weather was bad this morning, I drove to work. Even though I drove slowly, I flew off the road in a sharp curve. I landed in the ditch, even though I was only doing 40 kilometers an hour. Despite the fact that it took me an hour to get the car back on the road, I got to work safe and sound. All four conjunctions have the same meaning and function. However, ofschoon is more formal than hoewel which is more frequently used. As a commonly used alternative for hoewel, the meaning of terwijl differs from its meaning as a conjunction of time. Conjunctions of comparison alsof as though even/net zo ...als just as zoals ( just) as Examples in context: Erik: Kun je die appeltaart net zo bakken als je moeder het doet? En zoals zij soep kookt, kan niemand soep koken! Sanne: Je praat alsof je liever bij mijn moeder thuis eet! Erik: Can you bake that apple cake just the way your mother does? And nobody can cook soup the way she cooks it! Sanne: You talk as though you’d rather eat at my mother’s! Double conjunctions en...en... both...and... hetzij ...hetzij ... either ...or... of...of... either ...or... hoe...hoe/des te the more ...the more noch...noch... neither ...nor... zowel ...als... both...and/as well as ... Double conjunctions can link words, parts of sentences and sentences. Examples:
Page 2 and 3: INTERMEDIATE DUTCH: A GRAMMAR AND W
Page 4 and 5: INTERMEDIATE DUTCH: A GRAMMAR AND W
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS Preface vii 1 Conjunctions
Page 8 and 9: PREFACE This book is an intermediat
Page 10 and 11: UNIT ONE Conjunctions Introduction
Page 12 and 13: Section 2: Subordinating conjunctio
Page 14 and 15: The action or event of a sentence w
Page 18 and 19: Peters toekomst: Ik wil èn een int
Page 20 and 21: Exercise 1.4 Fill in the correct co
Page 22 and 23: Exercise 1.8 Speaking exercise. Wha
Page 24 and 25: they usually follow the verb, but t
Page 26 and 27: De trein was te laat. Dus kwam ik t
Page 28 and 29: Ik kan niet komen, ik heb te veel h
Page 30 and 31: 5 Het regende op Sylvia’s bruilof
Page 32 and 33: The suffix -ing is used to form nou
Page 34 and 35: Other common suffixes for the forma
Page 36 and 37: A special category in this group ar
Page 38 and 39: Exercise 3.5 Underline the compound
Page 40 and 41: Participles The past participle and
Page 42 and 43: -lijk zakelijk businesslike, fatsoe
Page 44 and 45: combination hoe...hoe...can also be
Page 46 and 47: Exercise 4.3 Look at the data and c
Page 48 and 49: UNIT FIVE Possessives Introduction
Page 50 and 51: Examples: Wiens koffie is dit? Whos
Page 52 and 53: 3 Erik: Onze hond is lui. Is (yours
Page 54 and 55: UNIT SIX Indefinite pronouns Introd
Page 56 and 57: Men bouwt hier een nieuw winkelcent
Page 58 and 59: In the singular, the pronoun al is
Page 60 and 61: De kinderen krijgen allemaal een ap
Page 62 and 63: 5a Peter: Ik zoek ______ voor m’n
Page 64 and 65: UNIT SEVEN The pronouns zich, zelf
Page 66 and 67:
The unstressed forms we and ze are
Page 68 and 69:
Exercise 7.2 Fill in the blanks wit
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Zulk The pronoun zulk ‘such’ is
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Exercise 8.3 Speaking exercise. Cho
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1 Erik komt niet. Erik isn’t comi
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Ik hoop niet dat het gaat regenen.
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Exercise 9.4 Give a negative answer
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met Wat doe je met een pen? Ik schr
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When used in a main sentence to ref
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(1) Erik en Sanne zijn een week naa
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UNIT ELEVEN Pronominal adverbs Intr
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5 Praat Erik vaak over politiek? Ne
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Waar ga je naartoe? Waar ga je heen
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4 Linda: Ja, ________ Sanne: Ik ben
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Often, you will see the verb zetten
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How to use these verbs for people r
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3 Sanne legt/stopt/zet de was in de
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Peter zit een essay te schrijven. K
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Durative constructions with bezig z
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1 Erik zit op de bank en hij leest
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Ik zag patat etende mensen op straa
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Exercise 14.1 Change the relative s
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UNIT FIFTEEN Talking about the futu
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Exercise 15.1 Write the sentences o
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UNIT SIXTEEN Separable and insepara
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Erik zegt dat hij en Sanne zaterdag
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Subordinated sentence: Sanne dacht,
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Exercise 16.1 Put the sentences int
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UNIT SEVENTEEN Relative clauses Int
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Wie without antecedent Sometimes, t
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3 Kijk, op deze foto zie je mijn vr
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Exercise 17.1 Enter the correct rel
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UNIT EIGHTEEN Indirect speech Intro
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A few notes on word order in indire
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Exercise 18.3 Speaking exercise. Si
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From the speaker’s perspective, a
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Als ik geld had gehad, dan zou ik d
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Erik: Het zou me niet verbazen. I w
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UNIT TWENTY The passive Introductio
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The passive without emphasis on the
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Het dak zal niet meer gerepareerd k
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Exercise 20.2 As mentioned before,
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Example: glas in de voordeur - brek
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Erik heeft niet kunnen komen. Erik
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We zouden kunnen gaan vissen. We co
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Exercise 21.2 Put the sentences int
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Personal pronouns werken rijden ik,
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Before Erik went to study in Gronin
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a Ik heb in Groningen gestudeerd. b
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of the sentence takes place in the
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1 Eerst las ik m’n email. Toen gi
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in berusten in acquiesce in delen i
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uit van De dief werd tot twee jaar
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Daar neem ik geen genoegen mee. I
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UNIT TWENTY-FOUR Word order Introdu
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Subject Verb Subject Middle Verb gr
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For more examples of word order wit
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2 Hij komt op tijd op z’n werk, h
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APPENDIX Strong and irregular verbs
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smelten smolt gesmolten melt treffe
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schijnen scheen geschenen shine, ap
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KEY TO EXERCISES Unit 1 Exercise 1.
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Unit 3 Exercise 3.1 1 kinderschoene
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Exercise 6.2 1 je, je. 2 Ze. 3 je,
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met die wiskundeopgave kan helpen.
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Exercise 11.5 1 Nee, daar heb ik oo
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Unit 15 Exercise 15.1 1 Woensdagavo
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Exercise 17.3 1...waarmee je kunt s
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Exercise 19.5 1 Zou je mijn planten
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Unit 22 Exercise 22.1 1 b. 2 b. 3 a
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INDEX Page numbers in bold refer to
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echter 17 -e/-en/-er in noun deriva
Page 210 and 211:
objects see also object forms and a
Page 212 and 213:
conjunctions/conjunctional adverbs
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