2454 final report.pdf - Agra CEAS Consulting

Evaluation of the Community Plant Health Regime: Final Report
DG SANCO Evaluation Framework Contract Lot 3 (Food Chain)
3.11.3.4 Grapevine flavescence dorée (Grapevine FD)
5 MS have indicated that the CPHR has been successful in avoiding the introduction (IT, SK)
or in slowing down (FR, IT, PT, SI) the spread of Grapevine Flavescence dorée, with
important associated economic benefits.
Table 3-24: Main host plants and susceptible areas for which the CPHR has avoided the
introduction/spread of Grapevine Flavescence dorée in 5 MS
Type of benefit
economic benefit
CPHR
successful for
avoiding:
introduction/
establishment
containment/
slowing spread
Countries
Source: compiled by FCEC based on specific cost survey results
Plant
Susceptible area (in
number of plants/trees, ha)
Italy grapevine 19000 ha
young grapevine 100 millions of grafted
vines/year
Slovakia grapevine 20000 ha
France grapevine 842000 ha
protected zones : 47491 ha
Italy grapevine 19000 ha
young grapevine 100 millions of grafted
vines/year
Portugal grapevine 240000 ha
Slovenia grapevine 16086 ha
The Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma is the most important phytoplasma disease of
grapevines and causes an epidemic disease. The principal host plant is Vitis vinifera, though
other grapevines such as Vitis riparia can be infected also. Grapevine FD is transmitted by
the vector Scaphoideus titanus, which was introduced to Europe in the 1950s from Northern
America. Larval instars of the vector acquire the Grapevine FD phytoplasma from infected
vines and adult vectors transmit the disease from vine to vine, thus causing an epidemic
spread of the disease. Scaphoideus titanus has established populations in different
environmental zones in Europe, demonstrating its ability to adapt to different climates. Little
is known about its temperature thresholds. When no control of the vector has been
undertaken, the number of infected vines may increase steadily by a multiple of 10 per year
and may reach 80-100% within a few years.
In the past decades the disease spread actively in many parts of Europe. Grapevine FD is
widespread in many vine growing regions of Austria, France, Italy, Portugal, Serbia,
Slovenia, Spain and Switzerland. The highest risk of introduction arises with the extensive
trade in rootstocks and especially for vineyards located along traffic routes and waterways
from the passive or active spread of the vector. Colonization of more northern regions could
be achieved by an active spread of the insects to the north but also by passive dissemination
of vectors either with grapevine material containing eggs or by traffic. The range of the vector
is still much wider than the area affected by Grapevine FD. This situation is a severe threat to
viticulture because introduction of single infected vines into an area inhabited by this vector
implies the risk of new outbreaks of Grapevine FD.
Economic benefits
FCEC 216