OCTOBER 19-20, 2012 - YMCA University of Science & Technology

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Proceedings of the National Conference on Trends and Advances in Mechanical Engineering, YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, Oct 19-20, 2012 Flexible Manufacturing Systems: Recent Development and Trends Neeraj Lamba Assistant Professor, Shri Ram College of Engineering And Management Palwal, Faridabad, Haryana Email:.nlamba33@gmail.com Abstract Implementing Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) has been motivated by the desired to respond more rapidly to dynamic changes both in demand and in product mix. There have been several successful implementation and the resulting improvements to product flow have been considerable. This paper describes the present development and trends of FMS. In this work attempts for defining the FMS, motivation for pursuing FMS, examples of FMS, implementation rate of FMS is investigated. The evidence suggests that in spite of a high degree of promise from FMS, the growth rate of FMS implementations is surprising low. The major reasons for this technical, cost and justification problems – are discussed and the main research/development issues arising are described. Finally, the trend in Flexible manufacturing Systems towards a more gradualist approach, building up from Flexible manufacturing cells is also described Keywords: Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Automation, Manufacturing control, Robotics, Computer Integrated Manufacturing. 1.Introduction: Definition of Flexible Manufacturing Systems Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) has a number of potential definitions. The literal meaning is a logical arrangement (system) of transformation processes (manufacturing) that is adjustable to change (flexible): a Flexible Manufacturing System. This definition would encompass a wide variety of manufacturing activities including for example, skilled manual workers such as tool and die makers. Different researchers have given different definitions of FMS. Like young and Greene [2] offer for consideration of following definition of FMS: “A group of CNC (Computer numeric control) machine tools linked by an automated materials handling system, whose operation is integrated by supervisory computer control. Integral to an FMS is the capability to handle any number of similar families of parts in random order”. A similar definition is given by Draper labs [3].Both highlight the feature of FMS which is that of automation, thereby excluding manufacturing systems that are primarily manual in operation. A further background on FMS can be found in Kuemmel [4], Ingersoll Engineers [5], Draper Laboratories [3], Ranky [6], and Hartley [7]. The distinction between stand alone machines, Flexible Manufacturing Cells (FMC), FMS and Flexible Transfer Lines is made by Greene [1]. “The stand alone machine is typically a machining center or turning center with some method of automatic material handling…..All of the features typical of the fully automated flexible system are available in the stand alone machine, including probing, inspection, tool monitoring, and adaptive control. However, in the stand alone machine, these features are initiated and controlled at the machine control level.” “The FMC can take a number of configurations, but it generally has more than one machine tool with some form of pallet –changing equipment, such as a robot or other specialized material- handling device. In some cases, the grouping of machines is small and often uses a common pallet or part –fixturing device.” “The flexible manufacturing system (FMS) includes at least three elements: a number of workstations, an automated material –handling system supervisory control. The FMS is typically designed to run for long periods with little or no operator attention….Central computer control over real-time routing, load balancing, and production scheduling distinguish FMS from FMC.” “A considerable amount of ambiguity surrounds the term flexibility. The distinction between flexible transfer lines and flexible manufacturing systems is a case in point. A flexible transfer line can contain several machine tools linked by an automated work piece flow system. The flexible transfer line is capable of simultaneously or sequentially machining a small number of different work pieces (which distinguishes it from a conventional transfer line), but the pieces run through the system along a fixed path, unlike a FMS where work pieces may move randomly”. [1] Bushong [8] provides a three-dimensional graphical representation of the productivity, flexibility, and management trade-offs associated with each of the major types of flexible automation. He suggests that the specific type of flexible automation appropriate depends on what levels of these three attributes are desired. In essence, Bushong suggests Flexible Transfer Lines for high productivity/low management requirements. This reinforces the properties of the various flexible automation techniques suggested by young and Greene [2]. 424
Proceedings of the National Conference on Trends and Advances in Mechanical Engineering, YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, Oct 19-20, 2012 2. The Motivation for FMS There is a general perception that manufacturing industry has to alter more rapidly now than in past. This exemplified by the following: “Automobile production in the U.S was down a million cars in 1927- not because it was a bad year economically , but because Henry ford’s plant took five months from may 26 to November 1.to switch production from model T to model A. In 1927, many of Henry’s customers and dealers were content to wait. But in today’s market place such a long changeover could spell corporate suicide.” [9] FMS have been viewed as helping the process of rapid changeover. According to Palframan [10], “The figures are impressive .FMS promise 50% reduction in lead and machining times using only a handful of machining times using only a handful of machines and a few operators.” Green [1] is more specific in his list of potential benefits: ‣ Increased machine utilization; ‣ Reduced -work in –process inventory; ‣ Increased productivity of working capital; ‣ Reduced number of machine tools; ‣ Reduced labor costs; ‣ Reduced led times; ‣ Less floor space; ‣ Reduced setup costs; Molins Ltd. Is credited with introducing the ideas behind the ideas behind FMS in the mid-1960’s and their design embodied many of today’s essential FMS characteristics- in particular, the importance of streamlining the manufacturing process. However growth in the use of FMS technology has been slow. In 1981 the world FMS population was only [2] 115.By 1986 the population had grown to 200, an average increase of only 17 systems per year. These figures are based on the definition of FMS given by Young and Greene [2]. Slightly different and more detailed estimates are given by Owen [11]. Approximately half of the installations are in Europe; the remainder split between Japan and the U.S. In the U.S. and Europe, FMS are mostly found in the automotive industry. Japan is thought to use FMS primarily in Machine tool industry [2]. 3. Examples of FMS installations The present development status of FMS can be illustrated by the examples of the FMS at Cummins Engine Co., Applied Power Inc., International-Hough., Iveco and by the success stories reported by the success stories reported by Dornan [12]. Other reviews of implemented FMS’s are contained in draper labs [3], Dupont- Gatelmand [13], Bilalis [14], American Machinist [15] and Techno craft [16]. The FMS at Cummins Engine Co., Walesboro, Indiana was supplied by LeBlond Makino Cincinnati, Ohio at a cost of $2.5 million [17]. It is mainly being used to machine a family of parts for lubricator, Water pumps, and other components used on diesel engines. All parts are being machined from cast iron. The FMS contains three MC65-A123 horizontal machining centers, one Baron 50 two-axis turning center, a rail-guided vehicle for parts transport, a Devlieg tool presetter, two pallet queue areas, and a computer control system. It is reportedly planned to expand the FMS to include a total of six MC65-A123 machining centers. It helps in decreased lead times, reduced inventory, higher quality and the ability to make parts to order in small quantities and on short notice are reportedly listed as reasons for turning to FMS. The FMS at Applied power Inc., Milwauke, Wisconsin was supplied by Toyada Machinery USA Inc., Schumburg, Illinois. It is used for the manufacture of hydraulic tools, including clamping systems, modular fixtures and systems, and related power supplies [18]. The international-Hough division of Dresser industries, Inc., Libertyville, Illinois have an FMS supplied by Giddings & Lewis unit of AMCA international, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin at a cost $7 million. The FMS was originally designed for a series of six crawler tractor rear mainframes, including a 3100-lb model TD12 rear mainframe housing, one of the more complex parts machined on the FMS. The FMS consists of four DNC horizontal machining centers, each equipped with two pallet stations, a material transporter system and two load and unload stations [19]. All four machines perform milling, boring, drilling and tapping operations. Each machine is equipped with a 100-tool capacity automatic tool changer. 425
Page 2 and 3:
NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENDS AND A
Page 4 and 5:
National Conference on Trends and A
Page 6 and 7:
Page 8:
Page 15 and 16:
MESSAGE I am pleased to learn that
Page 17 and 18:
Sr. No Proceedings of National Conf
Page 19 and 20:
Proceedings of National Conference
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23:
Page 27:
Akash Equipments & Machineries (P)
Page 31 and 32:
Proceedings of the National Confere
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
3. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION Proceed
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Before mounting electro turbo gener
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Input of Station = Energy sent out
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
γ = Specific heat ratio λ = Fuel-
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
{ i } + K { i } λi [ ]{ i } + λi
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
⎡⎛ 1+ δ ⎞ ⎛1− δ ⎞ = c
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
OUTPUT Proceedings of the National
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Page 385 and 386:
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402:
Page 403 and 404: Proceedings of the National Confere
Page 417 and 418: jωT / 2 e [ 2 j sin( ωT / 2) ] [
Page 451 and 452: 6.2 Effect of input factors on Surf
Page 453: Proceedings of the National Confere
Page 477 and 478: ( ∏d i ) n The d i Proceedings of
Page 501 and 502: 1 Proceedings of the National Confe
Page 505 and 506:
Page 507 and 508:
Page 509 and 510:
Page 511 and 512:
Page 513 and 514:
Page 515 and 516:
Page 517 and 518:
Page 519 and 520:
Page 521 and 522:
Page 523 and 524:
Page 525 and 526:
Page 527 and 528:
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Page 533 and 534:
Page 535 and 536:
3 Al-Al Compound Casting using high
Page 537 and 538:
7 Mg shell and Al core Disintegrat
Page 539 and 540:
Page 541 and 542:
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Page 551 and 552:
Page 553 and 554:
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Page 561 and 562:
Page 563 and 564:
Page 565 and 566:
Page 567 and 568:
Page 569 and 570:
Page 571 and 572:
Page 573 and 574:
Page 575 and 576:
Page 577 and 578:
Page 579 and 580:
Page 581 and 582:
Page 583 and 584:
Page 585 and 586:
Page 587 and 588:
Page 589 and 590:
Page 591 and 592:
Page 593 and 594:
Page 595 and 596:
Page 597 and 598:
Page 599 and 600:
Page 601 and 602:
1 Proceedings of the National Confe
Page 603 and 604:
Page 605 and 606:
Page 607 and 608:
Page 609 and 610:
Page 611 and 612:
Page 613 and 614:
Page 615 and 616:
Page 617 and 618:
Page 619 and 620:
Page 621 and 622:
Page 623 and 624:
Page 625 and 626:
Page 627 and 628:
Page 629 and 630:
Page 631 and 632:
Page 633 and 634:
Page 635 and 636:
Page 637 and 638:
Page 639 and 640:
Page 641 and 642:
Page 643 and 644:
Page 645 and 646:
Page 647 and 648:
Page 649 and 650:
Page 651 and 652:
Page 653 and 654:
Page 655 and 656:
Page 657 and 658:
1 Proceedings of the National Confe
Page 659 and 660:
Page 661 and 662:
• Enhanced operational safety •
Page 663 and 664:
Page 665 and 666:
Page 667 and 668:
Page 669 and 670:
Page 671 and 672:
Page 673 and 674:
5. Conclusion Proceedings of the Na
Page 675 and 676:
Page 677 and 678:
Page 679 and 680:
Page 681 and 682:
Page 683 and 684:
Page 685 and 686:
3.2 Effect of Different Dielectric
Page 687 and 688:
Page 689 and 690:
Page 691 and 692:
Page 693 and 694:
Page 695 and 696:
Page 697 and 698:
Page 699 and 700:
Page 701 and 702:
Page 703 and 704:
Page 705 and 706:
Page 707 and 708:
Page 709 and 710:
Page 711 and 712:
Page 713 and 714:
Page 715 and 716:
Page 717 and 718:
Page 719 and 720:
Page 721 and 722:
Page 723 and 724:
3. Results and Discussions Proceedi
Page 725 and 726:
Page 727 and 728:
Page 729 and 730:
S. No. A= Handle B= Box size C= Wor
Page 731 and 732:
Page 733 and 734:
Page 735 and 736:
Page 737 and 738:
Page 739 and 740:
Page 741 and 742:
Page 743 and 744:
Page 745 and 746:
Page 747 and 748:
Page 749 and 750:
Page 751 and 752:
5. Select Factors to be Studied 6.
Page 753 and 754:
Page 755 and 756:
Page 757 and 758:
Page 759 and 760:
Page 761 and 762:
Page 763 and 764:
Page 765 and 766:
Page 767 and 768:
Page 769 and 770:
Page 771 and 772:
Page 773 and 774:
II. III. IV. Proceedings of the Nat
Page 775 and 776:
Page 777 and 778:
Page 779 and 780:
Page 781 and 782:
Page 783 and 784:
Page 785 and 786:
Page 787 and 788:
Page 789 and 790:
Page 791 and 792:
Page 793 and 794:
Page 795 and 796:
Page 797 and 798:
Page 799 and 800:
Page 801 and 802:
Page 803 and 804:
References Proceedings of the Natio
Page 805 and 806:
Page 807 and 808:
Page 809 and 810:
Page 811 and 812:
Page 813 and 814:
Page 815 and 816:
Page 817 and 818:
Page 819 and 820:
Page 821 and 822:
Page 823 and 824:
Page 825 and 826:
Page 827 and 828:
Page 829 and 830:
Page 831 and 832:
Page 833 and 834:
Page 835 and 836:
Page 837 and 838:
Page 839 and 840:
Page 841 and 842:
Page 843 and 844:
Page 845 and 846:
Page 847 and 848:
Page 849 and 850:
Page 851 and 852:
Page 853 and 854:
Page 855 and 856:
Sl No. Sequence of operation Table
Page 857 and 858:
Page 859 and 860:
Page 861 and 862:
Page 863 and 864:
Page 865 and 866:
‣ Maximize the degree of efficien
Page 867 and 868:
Page 869 and 870:
Page 871 and 872:
Page 873 and 874:
Page 875 and 876:
Page 877 and 878:
Page 879 and 880:
Page 881 and 882:
Page 883 and 884:
Page 885 and 886:
Page 887 and 888:
Page 889 and 890:
Page 891 and 892:
Page 893 and 894:
Page 895 and 896:
Page 897 and 898:
Page 899 and 900:
Page 901 and 902:
Page 903 and 904:
Page 905 and 906:
Page 907 and 908:
Page 909 and 910:
4.5.2 Government’s Initiative Pro
Page 911 and 912:
Page 913 and 914:
Page 915 and 916:
Page 917 and 918:
Page 919 and 920:
Page 921 and 922:
Page 923 and 924:
Page 925 and 926:
Page 927 and 928:
Page 929 and 930:
Page 931 and 932:
Page 933 and 934:
Page 935 and 936:
Page 937 and 938:
Page 939 and 940:
Page 941 and 942:
Page 943 and 944:
Page 945 and 946:
Page 947 and 948:
Page 949 and 950:
Page 951 and 952:
Page 953 and 954:
Page 955 and 956:
Page 957 and 958:
Page 959 and 960:
Page 961 and 962:
Page 963 and 964:
Page 965 and 966:
Page 967 and 968:
Page 969 and 970:
Page 971 and 972:
Page 973 and 974:
Page 975 and 976:
Page 977 and 978:
Title of paper Proceedings of the N
Page 979 and 980:
Page 981 and 982:
Page 983 and 984:
Page 985 and 986:
Page 987:
show all

OCTOBER 19-20, 2012 - YMCA University of Science & Technology

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?