OCTOBER 19-20, 2012 - YMCA University of Science & Technology

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Proceedings of the National Conference on Trends and Advances in Mechanical Engineering, YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, Oct 19-20, 2012 3 CCS mitigation cost (US $/ t CO2 avoided) 4 COE with CCS and EOR(US $/MWh) 5 CCS and EOR Mitigation Cost ( US $ / t CO2 avoided) ( 30 – 71 ) ( 38 – 91) (14 – 53) ( 49 – 81) (37 – 70) (40 – 75) ( 09- 44) ( 19 – 68) ((-7) – 31) 4. Barriers to CCT Implementation On a world-wide basis, prospects of CCT are good in view of the advantages such as higher efficiency of power generation and lower GHG emissions per kW of installed capacity. The clean coal technology has been advancing rapidly to achieve goals of zero emission technology. In India efforts towards clean coal technology development began more than two decades ago, but have not kept pace with the global developments. Research eff orts carried out in the country for the past several years have shown that as compared to IGCC, the quality of coal requirement in CFBC is less demanding. Yet IGCC has been given highest attention. There have been other barriers and constraints in the advancement of CCT, such as : (i)High cost involved to support development of Clean CoalTechnology to proving stage, (ii)Amenability of advanced technologies to available coal with high ash content (iii)Inadequate R&D infrastructure in academic institutions and national laboratories, (iv)Lack of academic–industry interaction for new coal-based technology, (v)Constraints in development of coal blocks in the absence of adequate equipment infrastructure and (vi)Lack of sufficient coal evacuation facilities, among others. 5. CONCLUSION Coal is an important source of primary energy for the world and demand is growing rapidly in many developing countries as they enjoy a period of long-overdue economic growth. Over the 50 years from 2000 to 2050, demand might double to exceed 7 000 million tonnes of coal equivalent and so account for 32% of the world’s primary energy supply, up from today’s 30%. Strong environmental policies could see substantially lower coal use – it is, after all, the most carbon-intensive fuel. However, given coal’s abundance, there will be pressure to exploit this resource for energy security and economic reasons. Improving coal’s environmental performance is key to coal’s future role in the energy mix[2]. In particular, a group of technologies, known as carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS), offers the potential to balance the sometimes competing goals of energy security, economic development and environmental sustainability. Clean coal technologies (CCTs) have been developed and deployed to reduce the environmental impact of coal utilisation over the past 30 to 40 years. Initially, the focus was upon reducing emissions of particulates, SO2, NOX and mercury. The coal sector – producers, consumers and equipment suppliers – as well as governments and agencies in countries where coal is essential, have a long experience of stimulating clean coal technology deployment. Experience continues to grow as the technologies are introduced and spread in developing countries. The clean coal technology focus in developed countries has moved to the development and operation of low and near-zero GHG emission technologies like carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS). Deployment of CCS, as part of an effort to reduce GHG emissions, has been endorsed by G8 leaders, The Stern Review and the IPCC. The International Energy Agency has identified four groups of CCTs (coal upgrading, efficiency improvements at existing power plants, advanced technologies and near-zero emission technologies) which can dramatically reduce GHG emissions[12]. With supercritical and ultra critical plants introduction, it is realistic to expect that lower emissions with high efficiency and steam of 16.9MPa /538/565degree Centigrade. Hence the term Clean Coal Technologies is used to mean every option capable of reducing emissions upstream , downstream , or within the power generation process. The purpose of Clean Coal Technologies is to reduce GHG emissions in power generation. For new plants the following options are considered : (a) Supercritical and Ultrasupercritical pulverised coal technologies. (b) Circulating Fluidised Bed Combustion . 46
Proceedings of the National Conference on Trends and Advances in Mechanical Engineering, YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, Oct 19-20, 2012 (c) (d) Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle. Biomass Co-firing for CO2 reductions. Hence an integrated coal analysis which includes coal mining , coal transport and energy conversion (power plants) and addresses the cost effectiveness of options such as upstream coal beneficiation (cleaning) and clean coal conversion technologies in an integrated manner[11]. Way Forward Nevertheless prospects of CCTs are becoming high as aresult of global warming concerns. Actually both local as well as global environmental concerns can be addressed better through the use of CCT. The costs are coming down, although it may take long to establish their economic competitiveness. A long-term clean coal policy to address the issues of installation of thermal power plants based on CCTs, R&D, and transfer of technology are imperatives for growth. Most CCTs are research intensive and are still evolving, therefore, joint research ventures should be considered for technology transfer. In super-critical and ultra-super-critical coal fired plants, much higher efficiency can be achieved. The super-critical technology is already under development in our country. These efforts need to be augmented for ultra-super-critical combustion capabilities and Underground coal gasification processing[15] . REFERENCES 1. IEA ,Coal Industry Advisory Board (2008) , Clean Coal Technologies : Accelerating Commercial and Policy Drivers for Deployment. 2. Clean Coal Power Generation Technology Review : World wide experience and implications for India . Background Paper India : Strategy for Low Carbon Growth (June 2008), The World Bank . 3. Chapter 4 , http://web.mit.edu/coal . 4. CEA , (2003) “ Report of the Committee to recommend next higher size of coal fired thermal power stations ,” . 5. Mott Mac Donald , (2006) ” India’ Ultra Mega Power Projects / Exploring the use of Carbon Financing ,” . 6. Electric Power Development Corporation of Japan ,(1999)” Adoption of supercritical technology for Sipat Super Thermal Power Plant ,” . 7. World Coal Institute,”Coal meeting the Climate Change – Technology to reduce GHG emissions”. 8. Goel Malti, (2007) “Barriers to Deployment of Clean Coal Technology: Key Issues and Perspectives”,6 th Annual Conference on Carbon Sequestration , 7-11 May,Pittsburg, USA. 9. Simon Shackley and Preeti Verma,(2008) “Tackling CO2 reduction in India through use of CO2 Capture and Storage : Prospects and Challenges”. 10. MIT,(2007) ”The Future of Coal : Options for a carbon restrained world”. 11. Ananth P.Chikkatur and Ambuj D. Sagar,(2007) “Towards better technology policies for the Indian coal – power sector” . 12. Ritu Mathur , Sharat Chand and Tetsuo Tezuka, (2003)”Optimal use of coal for power generation in India”. 13. Zievers J.F. , et.al. ,(1996) “Use of waste metal oxides for dry scrubbing with barrier filters”. 14. Krishnan,G.N. et. al.,(1996) “Vaporisation of alkali and trace metal impurities in coal gasification and combustion systems”. 15. Rudra V. Kapila, (2010) “Carbon Capture and Storage prospects in India : Results from an expert stakeholder survey”. 47
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NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENDS AND A
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MESSAGE I am pleased to learn that
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OUTPUT Proceedings of the National
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1 Proceedings of the National Confe
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3 Al-Al Compound Casting using high
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3.2 Effect of Different Dielectric
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II. III. IV. Proceedings of the Nat
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References Proceedings of the Natio
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‣ Maximize the degree of efficien
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Title of paper Proceedings of the N
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OCTOBER 19-20, 2012 - YMCA University of Science & Technology

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