OCTOBER 19-20, 2012 - YMCA University of Science & Technology

Proceedings of the National Conference on
Trends and Advances in Mechanical Engineering,
YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, Oct 19-20, 2012
3 CCS mitigation cost
(US $/ t CO2 avoided)
4 COE with CCS and
EOR(US $/MWh)
5 CCS and EOR
Mitigation Cost ( US $
/ t CO2 avoided)
( 30 – 71 ) ( 38 – 91) (14 – 53)
( 49 – 81) (37 – 70) (40 – 75)
( 09- 44) ( 19 – 68) ((-7) – 31)
4. Barriers to CCT Implementation
On a world-wide basis, prospects of CCT are good in view of the advantages such as higher efficiency of power
generation and lower GHG emissions per kW of installed capacity. The clean coal technology has been
advancing rapidly to achieve goals of zero emission technology. In India efforts towards clean coal technology
development began more than two decades ago, but have not kept pace with the global developments. Research
eff orts carried out in the country for the past several years have shown that as compared to IGCC, the quality of
coal requirement in CFBC is less demanding. Yet IGCC has been given highest attention. There have been other
barriers and constraints in the advancement of CCT, such as :
(i)High cost involved to support development of Clean CoalTechnology to proving stage,
(ii)Amenability of advanced technologies to available coal with high ash content
(iii)Inadequate R&D infrastructure in academic institutions and national laboratories,
(iv)Lack of academic–industry interaction for new coal-based technology,
(v)Constraints in development of coal blocks in the absence of adequate equipment infrastructure and
(vi)Lack of sufficient coal evacuation facilities, among others.
5. CONCLUSION
Coal is an important source of primary energy for the world and demand is growing rapidly in many developing
countries as they enjoy a period of long-overdue economic growth. Over the 50 years from 2000 to 2050,
demand might double to exceed 7 000 million tonnes of coal equivalent and so account for 32% of the world’s
primary energy supply, up from today’s 30%. Strong environmental policies could see substantially lower coal
use – it is, after all, the most carbon-intensive fuel. However, given coal’s abundance, there will be pressure to
exploit this resource for energy security and economic reasons. Improving coal’s environmental performance is
key to coal’s future role in the energy mix[2]. In particular, a group of technologies, known as carbon dioxide
capture and storage (CCS), offers the potential to balance the sometimes competing goals of energy security,
economic development and environmental sustainability.
Clean coal technologies (CCTs) have been developed and deployed to reduce the environmental impact of coal
utilisation over the past 30 to 40 years. Initially, the focus was upon reducing emissions of particulates, SO2,
NOX and mercury. The coal sector – producers, consumers and equipment suppliers – as well as governments
and agencies in countries where coal is essential, have a long experience of stimulating clean coal technology
deployment. Experience continues to grow as the technologies are introduced and spread in developing
countries. The clean coal technology focus in developed countries has moved to the development and operation
of low and near-zero GHG emission technologies like carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS).
Deployment of CCS, as part of an effort to reduce GHG emissions, has been endorsed by G8 leaders, The Stern
Review and the IPCC. The International Energy Agency has identified four groups of CCTs (coal upgrading,
efficiency improvements at existing power plants, advanced technologies and near-zero emission technologies)
which can dramatically reduce GHG emissions[12].
With supercritical and ultra critical plants introduction, it is realistic to expect that lower emissions with
high efficiency and steam of 16.9MPa /538/565degree Centigrade. Hence the term Clean Coal Technologies is
used to mean every option capable of reducing emissions upstream , downstream , or within the power
generation process. The purpose of Clean Coal Technologies is to reduce GHG emissions in power
generation.
For new plants the following options are considered :
(a) Supercritical and Ultrasupercritical pulverised coal technologies.
(b) Circulating Fluidised Bed Combustion .
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