OCTOBER 19-20, 2012 - YMCA University of Science & Technology

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Proceedings of the National Conference on Trends and Advances in Mechanical Engineering, YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, Oct 19-20, 2012 7. Conclusions The present work was the effort to quantify the effect of SAW parameters on heat input, and HAZ size and dilution. Following conclusions can be drawn from the study; 1. Two level factorial design techniques can be used to develop mathematical models for HAZ size in submerged arc welding and cladding process. 2. HAZ width varies more effectively with wire feed rate at all the levels of open circuit voltage under electrode negative condition. 3. Influence of process variables on HAZ area are found similar to that on HAZ Width. 4. Electrode negative polarity produces lesser HAZ under all conditions, in general, except at higher wire feed rates. 8. References Adler, Y. P. (1975). The design of experiments to find optimal conditions, Mir Publishers, Moscow. Anderson, V. L. and R. A. McLean (1974). Design of experiments-a realistic approach, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. Chandel, R. S. (1987, May). "Mathematical modeling of melting rates for submerged arc welding." Welding Journal, Welding Research Supplements: 135s-140s. Chandel, R. S., H. P. Seow, et al. (1997). "Effect of increasing deposition rate on the bead geometry of submerged arc welds." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 72(1): 124-128. Dhas, J. E. R. and S. Kumanan (2011). "Optimization of parameters of submerged arc weld using non conventional techniques." Applied Soft Computing 11(8): 5198-5204. Fnides, B., M. A. Yallese, et al. (2011). "Application of response surface methodology for determining cutting force model in turning hardened AISI H11 hot work tool steel." Sadhana Vol. 36, Part 1,(February ): pp. 109- 123. Ghosh, A., S. Chattopadhyaya, et al. (2011). "Assessment of Heat Affected Zone of Submerged Arc Welding Process through Digital Image Processing." Procedia Engineering 10: 2782-2785. Gunaraj, V. and N. Murugan (1999). "Application of response surface methodology for predicting weld bead quality in submerged arc welding of pipes." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 88(1-3): 266-275. Gunaraj, V. and N. Murugan (1999). "Prediction and comparison of the area of the heat-affected zone for the bead-on-plate and bead-on-joint in submerged arc welding of pipes." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 95(1-3): 246-261. Karaoğlu, S. and A. Seçgin (2008). "Sensitivity analysis of submerged arc welding process parameters." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 202(1-3): 500-507. Kou, S. (2003). Welding metallurgy, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA. Lancaster, J. F. (1993). Metallurgy of Welding. London, Chapman & Hall. Mason, R. L., R. F. Gunst, et al. (2003). Statistical Design and Analysis of Experiments New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Montgomery, D. C. (2001). Design and Analysis of Experiments, John Wiley & sons Inc, Singapore. Murugan, N. and V. Gunaraj (2005). "Prediction and control of weld bead geometry and shape relationships in submerged arc welding of pipes." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 168(3): 478-487. Murugan, N. and R. S. Parmar (1993). "Effect of submerged arc process variables on dilution and bead geometry in single wire surfacing." Journal of Materials Processing Technology Vol. 37: 767-780. Olson, D. L., T. A. Siewert, et al. (1993). Welding , Brazing and soldering, ASM International. Om, H. and S. Pandey (2010). Effect of electrode polarity in submerged arc welding process. Twenty fourth Indian Engineering Congress. NIT Surathkal, Mangalore, India. Pandey, N. D., A. Bharti, et al. (1994). "Effect of submerged arc welding parameters and fluxes on element transfer behaviour and weld-metal chemistry." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 40(1-2): 195-211. Pandey, S. (2004). "Welding current and melting rate in submerged arc welding: a new approach." Australasian Welding Journal Supplements Vol. 49(Second Quarter): 33 - 42. Shen, S., I. N. A. Oguocha, et al. (2012). "Effect of heat input on weld bead geometry of submerged arc welded ASTM A709 Grade 50 steel joints." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 212(1): 286-294. Yang, L. J., R. S. Chandel, et al. (1993, Jan). "The effects of process variables on the weld deposit area of submerged arc welds." Welding Journal Welding Research Supplements: 11s-18s. 626
1 Proceedings of the National Conference on Trends and Advances in Mechanical Engineering, YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, Oct 19-20, 2012 CONSUMPTION AND MANUFACTURING FOR THE FUTURE CHALLENGES – “THE SUSTAINABLE WAY” Subrata Kumar Patra 1 , Tilak Raj 2 Research Scholar ,YMCA University of Science and Technology ,Sector-6, Mathura Road, Faridabad – 121 006, India, E-mail: patrask2005@yahoo.co.in 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, YMCA University of Science and Technology , Sector-6, Mathura Road, Faridabad – 121 006, India, E-mail: tilakraj64@rediffmail.com Abstract From the dawn of creation, mankind has struggled and competed with other species on this planet for its existence. By relentless efforts and innovations, the human population has moved to the present arena of luxuries and comforts. Of late, it has been realized that one of the worst problems faced by us is that of the “population explosion” and its “by-products”. In this context one of the biggest challenges that we are facing now, is the exponential but quantitative increase of the necessity of various products for fulfilling our requirements. Fulfillment of these requirements can only be achieved through the efficient use of energy. This requires an indepth analysis of the process of degradation of energy. This paper stresses the importance of ‘sustainable’ processes and delves into the scary future lest we do not act today. An abridged historical review of the importance of ‘sustainability’ is also provided. Immediate but pro-active steps have to be taken to reduce the intense stress on the existing resources which is being aggravated due to increased demand being met by mindless development for short term gains. 1. Introduction The guidelines of OECD (2001) highlighted that the development progress over the past thirty years was unprecedented and the life expectancy in developing countries has risen by more than 20 years; infant mortality rates have been halved and primary school enrolment rates had doubled. Also food production and consumption has increased dramatically. The pace of improvements in income levels, as well as in health and education, has exceeded that of the industrialized countries. With the rapid growth of human population and industrialization, the consumption of natural resources has gone up exponentially. Energy obtained from the natural resources through various processes is used for meeting the various everyday needs besides running plants and machineries. The manufacturing processes result in increased level of pollution and generate a lot of waste that further degrades the environment. Continuance of unscientific and thoughtless activities for exploration and use of energy for manufacturing operations may jeopardize our environment to the extent of threatening our own very existence. As per R K Mudgal, Ravi Shankar, P Talib and Tilak Raj (2008) environmental degradation is a growing global problem. Increased production and consumption has resulted in increased use of raw materials and energy, which has led to the depletion of natural resources. As per Askiner Gungor, et al. (1999) our environment has limited resources of raw material, energy, water and air supply. Also the places where we dispose of old products are limited. He emphasized that there was an urgent need for a sustainable environment for the next generation. The present day problems have arisen out of the ‘past’ and the ‘future’ problems will arise out of the ‘present’. And yes, the future problems would be exponentially compounded. For decades, mankind has focused on the ‘end’ without being conscious about the ‘means’. The modern day ‘energy’ system is non-sustainable. Some of the major problems as a result of such indiscriminate use of natural resources which may occur in the foreseeable future are: ●Acute energy shortage ●Acute water shortage ●Global warming ●Global unrest ●Spread of chronic diseases This list is by no means comprehensive and can be termed as ‘the tip of the iceberg’. It is evident from the above that the very existence of mankind is under the threat of extinction. 2. Importance of sustainability The World Commission on Environment and Development (The Brundtland Commission,1987) defined sustainable development as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of 627
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