Presuppositions and Pronouns - Nijmegen Centre for Semantics

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Attitude reports 167 It may sometimes happen that, when a reports on what b's statements, suspicions, or opinions are, a implies that b is right. But it is certainly not the normal case. The upshot of these observations is that the prospects of the importation view are decidedly brighter than those of the exportation view. This is a welcome result for my theory of presupposition, because it leaves a gap which seems to call for some version of importation. I now want to argue that, apart from the fact that it is to be preferred to its opposite, importation is plausible in itself and motivated by independent considerations. That importation is a plausible strategy is conceded even by Heim, who appeals to it after having suggested that some (in my terminology) external readings of presuppositional expressions are in fact de re construals. I have shown that this idea fails in the general case, but it receives seeming support from some presupposition triggers, such as definite NPs. Suppose now that the definite subject NP in (62) is construed de re: (62) Ralph thinks that the man he saw at the beach is a spy. Let us say that this sentence is to be read as claiming that there is some acquaintance relation R such that Ralph bears R to the man he saw at the beach, i.e. Bernard J. Ortcutt, and thinks that whoever he bears R to is a spy. If we adopt some account along these lines, it is plausible to surmise that the mere fact that a speaker who utters (62) is referring to Ortcutt with the help of this particular definite description 'will bias the hearer towards the assumption that the intended acquaintance relation between Ralph and Ortcutt is the one established in the beach-encounter.' (Heim 1992: 210) Thus even if (62) is construed de re, it is likely to be understood as implying that Ralph believes that he has seen a man at the beach who is a spy. According to this scenario, then, (62) will in a sense be read de re as well as de dicta. dicto. Even if we must reject the theory in which it is embedded (as I have argued we must), the main thrust of this importation story is in the right direction. Heim's analysis of (62) is a plausible one, although I prefer to view it in terms of the external/internal distinction, and its plausibility even increases when we consider other presupposition triggers than the definite article. Consider, for example, (63a): (63) a. Fred believes that it was Barney who tripped him. b. [p, q: F believes p & q, q = p+[x: x tripped F, x = B]] Bll c. [x, p, q: x tripped F, F believes p & q, q = p+[x: x = B]] Bll The only presupposition that remains to be processed in (63b) is that someone tripped Fred, and the binding theory predicts that this presupposition will be accommodated in the main DRS, which yields (63c).
168 Presuppositions and Pronouns This DRS says that an individual a tripped Fred, and that Fred believes that some b, who is a's
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Presuppositions and Pronouns
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PRESUPPOSITIONS AND PRONOUNS Bart G
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Current Research in the Semantics/P
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To Julia
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Contents PREFACE xi 1 PRESUPPOSITIO
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Preface In his thumbnail sketch of
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xiii presuppositions already involv
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CHAPTER 1 Presupposition The phenom
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Presupposition 3 c. If Barney has s
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Presupposition 5 apply to their int
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Presupposition 17 sentences in (15)
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Presupposition 9 there is a way of
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Presupposition 11 judgment of the f
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Presupposition 13 that requires a m
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Presupposition 15 b. If Barney took
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Presupposition 17 conditionals have
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Presupposition 19 pizzeria in the V
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Presupposition 21 recipient of this
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Presupposition 23 (45) Fred's wife
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Presupposition 25 (51) [the x: King
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Presupposition 27 readings in terms
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Presupposition 29 actually has a nu
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Presupposition 31 describes a trans
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Presupposition 33 of this complexit
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CHAPTER 2 The binding theory Althou
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The binding theory 37 b. [y,.w: [v,
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The binding theory 39 correlated wi
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The binding theory 41 (10) a. Eithe
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The binding theory 43 The content o
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d. j [.
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The binding theory 47 apply. Soames
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The binding theory 49 Disjunction '
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The binding theory 51 me from sayin
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The binding theory 53 (35) a. [u, v
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The binding theory 55 line, presupp
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The binding theory 57 We are now al
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The binding theory 59 interpretatio
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The binding theory 61 accommodation
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The binding theory 63 sentence (i.e
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The binding theory 65 In the preced
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The binding theory 67 presuppositio
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The binding theory 69 Our procedure
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The binding theory 71 c. (Esker too
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The binding theory 73 (67) The doct
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The binding theory 75 an umbrella,
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The binding theory 77 and although
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The binding theory 79 any given pre
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The binding theory 81 marker x in t
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The binding theory 83 In the versio
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The binding theory 85 (88) a. Did y
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CHAPTER 3 The satisfaction theory C
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The satisfaction theory 89 Accordin
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The satisfaction theory 91 b. c[(p
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The satisfaction theory 93 (7) Eith
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The satisfaction theory 95 conditio
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The satisfaction theory 97 § 3.4 a
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The satisfaction theory 99 merely p
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The satisfaction theory 101 All I h
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The satisfaction theory 103 I belie
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The satisfaction theory 105 Karttun
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The satisfaction theory 107 implies
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The satisfaction theory 109 enterta
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The satisfaction theory 111 manner.
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The satisfaction theory 113 trigger
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CHAPTER 4 Dynamic semantics The dif
Page 132 and 133: Dynamic semantics 117 the existenti
Page 134 and 135: Dynamic semantics 119 taken serious
Page 136 and 137: Dynamic semantics 121 phenomena suc
Page 138 and 139: Dynamic semantics 123 implementatio
Page 140 and 141: Dynamic semantics 125 number of pos
Page 142 and 143: Dynamic semantics 127 having to ass
Page 144 and 145: Dynamic semantics 129 Here anaphora
Page 146 and 147: Dynamic semantics 131 (19) a. Eithe
Page 148 and 149: CHAPTERS 5 Attitude reports Althoug
Page 150 and 151: Attitude reports 135 believe, but n
Page 152 and 153: Attitude reports 137 Presupposition
Page 154 and 155: Attitude reports 139 (11) Hob think
Page 156 and 157: Attitude reports 141 have chosen to
Page 158 and 159: Attitude reports 143 For the verb w
Page 160 and 161: Attitude reports 145 he has a son,
Page 162 and 163: Attitude reports 147 all obvious th
Page 164 and 165: Attitude reports 149 common sense n
Page 166 and 167: Attitude reports 151 (34) a. There
Page 168 and 169: Attitude reports 153 (39) a. [x, y,
Page 170 and 171: Attitude reports 155 c. c - [
Page 172 and 173: Attitude reports 157 (46b) involves
Page 174 and 175: Attitude reports 159 5.5 Presupposi
Page 176 and 177: Attitude reports 161 I have said th
Page 178 and 179: Attitude reports 163 The first pres
Page 180 and 181: Attitude reports 165 This argument
Page 184 and 185: Attitude reports 169 there is a boy
Page 186 and 187: Attitude reports 171 and asserts of
Page 188 and 189: Attitude reports 173 (74) c. [p,p',
Page 190 and 191: CHAPTER 6 Modals As it stands, the
Page 192 and 193: Modals 177 111 can be dealt with by
Page 194 and 195: Modals 179 means that the material
Page 196 and 197: Modals 181 (13) a. Either it is in
Page 198 and 199: Modals 183 It is difficult to link
Page 200 and 201: Modals 185 Assuming just that modal
Page 202 and 203: Modals 187 g(q') S(q') = {(v,j) { E
Page 204 and 205: Modals 189 b. Nobody turned up at B
Page 206 and 207: Modals 191 q. Thus our theory impli
Page 208 and 209: Modals 193 The discourse in (39) is
Page 210 and 211: Modals 195 On the Kratzer/Lewis ana
Page 212 and 213: Modals 197 bound and is therefore a
Page 214 and 215: Modals 199 that the first sentence
Page 216 and 217: CHAPTER 7 Names What could be simpl
Page 218 and 219: Names 203 had scope but will also t
Page 220 and 221: Names 205 why use this word when a
Page 222 and 223: Names 207 Although it is always har
Page 224 and 225: Names 209 apparent difficulties, ca
Page 226 and 227: Names 211 have names; some of these
Page 228 and 229: Names 213 is (14c). Hence, on the p
Page 230 and 231: Names 215 that he himself might hav
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Names 217 alternative theories of m
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Names 219 Since John treats anaphor
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Names 221 NPs, and in doing so he b
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References Asher, N. 1986: Belief i
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References 225 Grice, H.P. 1975: Lo
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References 227 Levinson, S.c. S.C.
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References 229 Zeevat, H. 1989a: A
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Subject index accessibility: 38-39,
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Index of names Asher, N. xiii, 37,1
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