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Diversity of Journalisms. Proceedings of ECREA/CICOM Conference, Pamplona, 4-5 July 2011 the British and Swedish newspapers were more fact-oriented and did more research into the original documents. The countries and topics reported about differed in detail, however, on a structural level, there were a lot of commonalities between the media in the different countries: They reported mainly about the home country and about topics relating to the home country. Traditional news values such as conflict, personification, proximity and a focus on events dominated news selection similarly in all countries. The development of the news narrative was also very similar in all countries (except for the British newspaper the Guardian): As the reporting was very event-oriented, the media reported about the publication of the documents in the beginning of December, but then went on to report about the sexual offence accusations against Julian Assange and the “cyberwar” between hackers and credit card companies in the second week of December. Despite the continued publication of new material, except for the Guardian, the other media almost completely stopped reporting about the documents in the second half of December. Generally, the analysis showed a lack of research on the part of the journalists and no sign of an emerging “data journalism” in conventional journalism, with some exceptions. If there were institutions interested in keeping the documents confidential and burying critical issues in masses of data where they would not be found, the mechanisms according to which the media function (personification, event-orientation) would have helped them to divert the public attention. Differences between media types seem to be more prevalent than differences between countries. On television, more interviews with experts and commentators were shown, while there was very little about the content of the documents (except for some flashy revelations about politicians) and almost no commentary, while the newspapers generally provided more analysis of the documents and more editorial commentary. With regard to the frame and bias of the reporting, the affiliation of the newspaper seems to be more important than the country. Conservative, non-cooperating media were more critical of Wikileaks and reported less about the documents than more leftwing, cooperating media. Despite the masses of documents published, the reporting in all countries put a significant emphasis on the person of Wikileaks founder Julian Assange. Unanimously, the journalists emphasized conflict and dramatized the events. Although many journalists claimed in their comments with regard to the responsibility required when publishing such documents that professional journalism was needed to select and factcheck the information, in reality, many articles were based on second-hand reports and press releases, revealing that mostly information that is easily obtained and does not involve resources is published in the conventional media. 106
Diversity of Journalisms. Proceedings of ECREA/CICOM Conference, Pamplona, 4-5 July 2011 References Allern, S. (2002). Journalistic and commercial news values: News organizations as patrons of an institution and market actors. Nordcom Review, 23(1-2), 137-152. Czepek, A., Hellwig, M., Nowak, E. (2009). Press Freedom and Pluralism in Europe: Concepts and Conditions. Bristol, UK/Chicago, Intellect. Donsbach, W. (2010). The Global Journalist: Are professional structures being flattened? In Dobek-Ostrowska, B. et al., Comparative Media Systems: European and Global Perspectives. Budapest, New York, CEU Press, 153-170. Galtung, J. & Ruge, M. H. (1965): The Structure of Foreign News. The Presentation of the Congo, Cuba and Cyprus Crises in Four Norwegian Newspapers, Journal of Peace Research, vol. 2, 64-91 . Golding, P. & Elliott, P. (1979). Making the news. London, Longman. Gordon, R. (2007). Data as journalism, journalism as data, November 14, http://getsmart.readership.org/2007/11/data-as-journalism-journalism-as-data.html (accessed April 30, 2011). Hallin, D. & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing Media Systems: Three models of media and politics. Cambridge University Press. Hanitzsch, T., Anikina ,M., Berganza, R., Cangoz I., Coman, M., ... Yuen, K.W. (2010): Modeling Perceived Influences on Journalism: Evidence from a Cross-National Survey of Journalists. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 87(1), 7-24. Jakubowicz, K. (2010). Introduction. Media Systems Research: An Overview. In Dobek-Ostrowska, B. et al., Comparative Media Systems: European and Global Perspectives. Budapest, New York, CEU Press,1-22. Lorenz, M. et al. (2010). Data-driven journalism: What is there to learn? A paper on the data-driven journalism roundtable held in Amsterdam on 24 August 2010. EJC, Amsterdam, http://datadrivenjournalism.net/ (accessed April 30, 2011). Schlesinger, P. (1978). Putting ‘reality’ together: BBC News. London, Constable. Schulz, W. (2006): News decisions and news values. Introduction. Communications 31/1. Schwarz, A. (2006). The theory of newsworthiness applied to Mexico's press. How the news factors influence foreign news coverage in a transitional country, Communications 31/1, April, 45–64, doi: 10.1515/COMMUN.2006.004 The Guardian: Investigate your MP’s expenses (ongoing web-project), http://mpsexpenses.guardian.co.uk/ (accessed April 30, 2011) Thomass, B. (2007). Mediensysteme im internationalen Vergleich. UVK/UTB, Konstanz. 107
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