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Diversity of Journalisms. Proceedings of ECREA/CICOM Conference, Pamplona, 4-5 July 2011 Journal Communicator research Research on media content Research on medium / channel Audience research Over all journals 64.5 49.6 9.2 14.6 Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 35.3 58.8 4.4 44.1 Journalism Studies 68.7 47.5 16.2 5.1 Journalism – Theory, Practice and Criticism 78.8 39.4 1.5 10.6 Journalism & 84.6 53.8 7.7 15.4 Communication Monographs Ecquid Novi 71.4 28.6 28.6 14.3 Brazilian Journalism Research 61.5 61.5 10.3 10.3 Pacific Journalism Review 72.1 53.5 2.3 0.0 Tab. 3: Research fields (in percent) Furthermore, the articles were encoded according to their main theoretical focus. As said above, many authors did not state clearly their theoretical affiliation but presented their research data without tracing it back to a profound theoretical background. To have a solid instrument for dividing the single theories in larger sections we applied the eight theoretical concepts of journalism research according to Löffelholz (2003). He distinguishes normative individualism / gifted individuals, materialist theories of media / economic goods, analytical empiricism, legitimist empiricism, theories of action, systems theories, integrative social theories / three-level-integration and cultural studies. 56 If it was not possible to relate the applied theory to one of the concepts, the coder could write the concrete theory as a separate string variable. He could also tag that there was no theory applied at all. Thus the coding resulted in the following spreading: 56 For further explanation of the theoretical concepts see also the synopsis of basic theoretical concepts in journalism studies in Loeffelholz (2008, ). 202
Diversity of Journalisms. Proceedings of ECREA/CICOM Conference, Pamplona, 4-5 July 2011 Main theoretical focus Frequency Percentage Valid percentage Accumulated percentage Normative individualism 24 6.9 8.3 8.3 Materialist theories of media 3 0.9 1.0 9.3 Analytical empiricism 110 31.5 37.9 47.2 Legitimist empiricism 21 6.0 7.2 54.5 Theories of action 23 6.6 7.9 62.4 Systems theories 11 3.2 3.8 66.2 Integrative social theories 4 1.1 1.4 67.6 Cultural studies 94 26.9 32.4 100.0 Total 290 83.1 100.0 -- Tab. 4: Theoretical focus 59 articles (16.9 percent) did not mention a specific theoretical focus. If we leave these apart and let the remaining 290 articles equal 100.0 percent, we have a high portion of 37.9 percent using theories of the “analytical empirical approach” category as theoretical background. One third of the articles regard cultural studies as the theory relevant for their research. The other categories are chosen in not such relevant numbers: 8.3 percent normative individualism, 7.9 percent critical theories of action, 7.2 percent legitimist empirical approach. The remaining three categories are even more neglected: materialist theories of media seem to be out of fashion since the end of the Iron Curtain and most socialistic regimes. When looking at analytical empiricism in detail, there is a remarkably high percentage of articles treating agenda setting (10.3 percent out of all 349 articles) as well as theories of news selection (gatekeeping, news bias, news values theory etc.) (8.0 percent). These seem to be theories that can easily be combined with empirical research and have a solid standing in the theory portfolio of our discipline. As said above, in a string we coded the theories that were not related to one of the eight categories, which have proved to unite the main theories applied in journalism research. But of course, as journalism research is a transdisciplinary field of study, too, researchers apply theories of different scientific origin. Some examples: cognitive theory, value theory and so on. These examples show the variety of theoretical concepts that can be found but also indicate a strong tendency toward theories from the field of psychology as well as political studies. The following table shows the medium the authors brought into focus in their articles. Here again, multiple choices were possible. 203
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