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Diversity of Journalisms. Proceedings of ECREA/CICOM Conference, Pamplona, 4-5 July 2011 Tweetism 75 . The sampling technique we opted for was a combination of manual and automated procedures. Our goal was not to obtain the most voluminous sample of tweets possible, but to meet a crucial criterion: collect the messages of users with special interest in French current affairs and politics. After an initial exploratory survey, we hand-picked a base sample of 400 accounts, composed of French journalists, politicians, and internet activists. A quick check showed that these highly visible individuals were, in fact, among the most mentioned and retweeted accounts in the French Twittersphere. Starting with these accounts, we explored the network vicinity by recuperating all friends and followers (n+1). To keep our sample manageable, we reduced this number through several techniques netting the sample to around 22 000 Twitter accounts. We then compared over the same period of one month the URLs of news articles shared by these users in Twitter to those collected initially by IPRI-NA and organized into topics. In this way we managed to shed light on discrepancies that arouse between what online media consider to be “big stories”, thus much covered by many different sources, and what users share on Twitter. Each time we explored topic propagation on Twitter we examined in parallel the particular characteristics (nationality, language, profession, age, interests, network of friends) of the users that were actively sharing links to articles related to particular topics in order to identify patterns, profiles and key user groups. Transmedia comparison and relative diversity In a first version of this project (Smyrnaios et al., op. cit.) we met justified criticism on a crucial aspect of our interpretation method: measuring online news alone is not sufficient in order to obtain an evaluation of its relative diversity compared to other media. So the last facet of the study focused on a juxtaposition of that kind. Thanks to a collaboration with the Institut National de l’Audiovisuel ( INA) 76 , we were able to compare the online news agenda as we measured it to the one of French television. Since many years, the INA institute weekly publishes a list with the news topics (variety) treated by all the channels in France, established through a manual method. This list includes the time devoted to each one of the topics by all the TV news shows (balance). Such a comparison allowed us to put our results in perspective and open new horizons for future research. End Note Emmanuel Marty is a post-doctoral fellow in the CIM research group and a sessional lecturer in information and communication sciences. Université Sorbonne Nouvelle 75 Tweetism was developed by Raphaël Velt and Bernhard Rieder. 76 The Institut National de l’Audiovisuel is a French Institute in charge of the archiving and promotion of mainly radio and TV broadcasting. 238
Diversity of Journalisms. Proceedings of ECREA/CICOM Conference, Pamplona, 4-5 July 2011 Paris 3 - PRES Sorbonne Paris-Cité - CIM (EA 1484). Contact: manu.marty@gmail.com Nikos Smyrnaios is a lecturer (‘Maître de conférences’) in communication and information sciences at the University of Toulouse, France. He is member of the LERASS research group. Franck Rebillard is a professor in communication and information sciences. Université Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3 - PRES Sorbonne Paris-Cité - CIM (EA 1484). References Anderson, C. (2006). The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business is Selling Less of More. New York: Hyperion. Asur S.; Huberman B. A.; Szabo G.; Wang C. (2011). Trends in Social Media : Persistance and Decay. Available at SSRN, February 5 2011 [http://ssrn.com/abstract=1755748]. Bangemann, M. (1994). Europe and the Global Information Society, Recommendations to the European council. Brussels: EU. Baumgartner, F. R.; Mahoney, C. (2008). The Two Faces of Framing: Individual-Level Framing and Collective Issue Definition in the European Union. European Union Politics, 9 (3), p. 435-449. Benghozi J.P.; Benhamou F. (2010). The Long Tail : Myth or reality ?. Marketing Management, volume 12, number 3, p. 43-53. Benhamou, F. ; Peltier, S. (2006). Une méthode multicritère d’évaluation de la diversité culturelle: application à l’édition de livres en France. In: Greffe X (ed.) Création et diversité au miroir des industries culturelles. Actes des journées d’économie de la culture. Paris: La Documentation Française, p. 313-344. Benhamou, F.; Peltier, S. (2007). « How should cultural diversity be measured? An application using the French publishing industry. », Journal of Cultural Economics, 31(2), p.85–107. Brossard, D,; Shanahan, J.; McComas, K. (2004). Are Issue-Cycles Culturally Constructed? A Comparison of French and American Coverage of Global Climate Change. Mass Communication and Society, Volume 7, Issue 3, p. 359-377. Brynjolfsson, E;, Hu, Y.J.; Smith, M. D. (2006). From Niches to Riches: Anatomy of the Long Tail. Sloan Management Review, Vol. 47, No. 4, p. 67-71. Carpenter S. (2010). A study of content diversity in online citizen journalism and online newspaper articles. New Media and Society, 12 (7), p. 1064-1084. 239
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