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Diversity of Journalisms. Proceedings of ECREA/CICOM Conference, Pamplona, 4-5 July 2011 to their professional identities; and the challenges posed by user-authored content to the jurisdictional space that news workers occupy as gatekeepers of information. (Mitchelstein &Boczkowski, 2009, p. 570). Gate keeping has been considered the foremost marker of occupational jurisdiction in journalism. However, scholars have argued that this jurisdictional claim might be challenged by the grooving presence of users as content producers in the new media environment (Burns, 2008). The demise of the gate-keeping role could lead audiences to challenge the authority of journalism, as Lowrey and Anderson (2005, p. 9) found in a survey of news consumers in the Baton Rouge area in the USA. More than two-thirds of the respondents sought news on non-news websites, and nearly half believed they could easily become journalists themselves. The authors suggest that these findings signal future questioning of ‘the ability of the occupation to define the already fuzzy boundaries of what constitutes news’. Studies about user-authored content have promoted an understanding of the factors that affect one of the most fundamental shifts in the architecture of contemporary media systems: the redrawing of the boundaries between the production and consumption. The transformed information architecture of online environments and the increased options for audiences to become content producers provide new type division between production and consumption of journalistic media and publicity. A common empirical strategy in studying online journalism is a structural approach to the news websites. Another research strategy shifts from their structure to the actual content of the sites, usually comparing the print edition of a newspaper to its online version. (Domingo, 2006, pp. 95-100). Van der Wurff and Lauf (2005) coordinated a cross-national team of researchers in 2003 which analysed the biggest newspapers’ websites in 16 European countries. One interesting result of the study was that 70 per cent of online news coincided with the print newspaper stories at the time. Research questions This PhD-study applies structural approach to the actual content of news websites. The purpose is to examine different methods of news presentation online compared to print media. The study scrutinizes two key dimensions: news values and the structure of the news stories by combining quantitative and qualitative content analysis. The main research question of this study is: What are the main characteristic features, news values and story structures used in online news presentation compared to those used in print newspapers? Secondary research questions are: In which ways and to what extent online journalism is a kind of transformation of journalism in the ‘old’ media, concerning styles, genres and technical journalistic elements? Is it possible to detect certain innovative elements that have emerged in online journalism and if yes, what are they? 372
Diversity of Journalisms. Proceedings of ECREA/CICOM Conference, Pamplona, 4-5 July 2011 The final aim of the study is to develop a model describing the transformation, convergence and intermediality of the content, news values and story structures in the print and online versions of newspapers. This study also explores the distinction between Finnish online and print news journalism compared to their counterparts in the United States and Great Britain. There are probably some trends in United States and British online news journalism which may also come to Finnish online journalism after short delay. Media economics affects journalistic news content in many ways. One part of the study is to contextualize Finnish media landscape and its profitability in different media sectors. Online newspapers have very weak profitability in Finland and this has reflections for the whole media industry. Method The methodology involves several steps: 1) Examination of the research literature and collection of empirical material using the constructed week sampling method. Empirical material consists of print and online versions of the news in the Finnish newspapers Helsingin Sanomat, Aamulehti, Iltalehti and Ilta-Sanomat, and the U.S. International Herald Tribune, and the British Guardian. Helsingin Sanomat and Aamulehti are the most significant and widespread broadsheet newspapers in Finland and Ilta-Sanomat and Iltalehti are the largest tabloid papers in Finland. The International Herald Tribune is the global edition of the New York Times. The International Herald Tribune and The Guardian are internationally significant developers and innovators of online journalism. The Guardian’s website, guardian.co.uk, is one of the highest-traffic English-language news websites. According to its editor, The Guardian has the second largest online readership of any English-language newspaper in the world, after the New York Times and the International Herald Tribune. (Reid & Teixeira, 2010) Empirical material is collected in seven weeks during the period 25 April – 5 June 2010. The news material is collected in week 16 on Sunday, in week 17 on Monday and so on. Online newspapers are saved two times a day: at ten o’clock a.m. and at six o’clock p.m. The online versions are compared to printed newspapers of the next day. The analysis contains the homepage of the online versions, the front page of printed newspapers and five main news stories in each outlet. 2) The quantitative content analysis is the main method of this study. Using quantitative analysis it is possible to describe typical features of contemporary online news story, like the structure, news values, length, pictures and number of technical journalistic elements. Content analysis as a method implies that the researcher defines a set of codes that are given numeric values which are “ticked of” on, for instance, a spreadsheet document during the analysis of each text. The method 373
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