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Diversity of Journalisms. Proceedings of ECREA/CICOM Conference, Pamplona, 4-5 July 2011 The studies concentrating on empirical findings did employ empirical research methods. 59 Again, multiple codings were allowed. Empirical research method Frequency Percentage content analysis 151 43.3 in-depth / guided interviews 70 20.1 (paper)written survey 29 8.3 observation 27 7.7 standardized oral survey 13 3.7 online survey 13 3.7 declared (laboratory) experiment 11 3.2 Tab. 7: Empirical approaches employed The most demanded empirical approach very clearly is content analysis (43.4 percent). The empirical research method ranked second is not even half as much employed (indepth or guided interview: 20.1 percent). Paper-written surveys as well as observations were used in not even ten percent resp. of the analyzed articles. According to our findings, oral and online polls do not belong to the common repertoire of journalism research either. And experiments come in last with only 3.2 percent of all articles. If we exclude the number of 85 articles (24.4 percent) which did not employ any empirical research method, we have a new “method-sample” of n = 264 articles. Out of these 264 (100 percent) articles we had 210 that described the results of studies following a single-method-design. The remaining 54 employed multi-methodological approaches, the majority combining two different methods, but in six cases even three different methods. Out of these six, there were three studies combining content analysis with in-depth interviews and observation. Looking at the multi-methodological studies in general, there were 37.0 percent combining content analysis with in-depth interviews, 24.0 percent combining in-depth interviews and observation as well as 13.0 percent combining content analysis and paper-written surveys. If we correlate applied method with theoretical approach we can see a strong correlation between content analysis and analytical empiricism. 70.0 percent of all the 110 articles referring to analytical empiricism as their theoretical background (see above), present the results of a content analysis. This is a coherent finding as there were many “classical” studies on news value theory etc. where a content analysis to detect the employment of certain news factors seems to be apparent. 59 Albeit the studies relying mainly on theory, of course, most times did not employ an empirical approach, there were some putting their focus on theory but presenting some short empirical data. 206
Diversity of Journalisms. Proceedings of ECREA/CICOM Conference, Pamplona, 4-5 July 2011 There was also a dense correlation between content analysis and cultural studies: In 43.6 percent of all “cultural studies”-articles the researchers had conducted a content analysis. Cultural studies were also closely linked to in-depth interviews (23.4 percent). Studies from the theoretical category “legitimist empiricism” were strongly related to indepth interviews (42.9 percent) as well as to paper-written surveys (23.8 percent). This is obvious as legitimist empiricism is interested in the motivation, self-concept and political affiliation of journalists as well as their image of colleagues, their audience, and the like (cf. Löffelholz, 2003, 35). Regarding the country focus of the articles, it is not surprising that the three journals naming their landscape scope in their title, i.e. Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies, Brazilian Journalism Research and Pacific Journalism Review, centre on journalism studies dealing with country-specific aspects from Africa, Latin America, Australia and New Zealand. The share of articles regarding continents is: Continent Percentage North America 36.9 Europe 25.5 Australia / New Zealand / Oceania 14.8 Latin America 11.7 Asia 10.1 Africa 8.7 Tab. 10: Share of articles regarding different world regions (multiple answers possible) Examples for studies on culture- or country-specific aspects are: post-apartheid, the Australian Federal Press Gallery, coverage of the Maori party’s election campaign. 51 articles did not focus on a specific country. If we discount these from the total n of 349 articles, we have 298 articles left where a specific country focus was named. Taking this new n = 298 = 100 percent, we have a strong share of 36.9 percent of articles dealing with the U.S.A. and Canada, for example analyzing U.S.-American media or portraying U.S.-American journalists, and about a fourth of the articles dealing with aspects of journalism in European countries 60 . The world region “Australia / New Zealand / Oceania” was represented by 14.8 percent of the articles, Latin America by 11.7 percent. Placed second to last and last were Asia and Africa (10.1 resp. 8.7 percent). 60 Turkey numbered among Asia. 207
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