How we are likely to feel when our needs are not satisfiedAfraid, aggravated, agitated, alarmed, aloof, angry, anguished, annoyed, anxious,apathetic, aroused, ashamed, beat, bewildered, bitter, bored, broken-hearted, cold,concerned, confused, cross, dejected, depressed, despairing, disappointed, discouraged,disgruntled, disgusted, disheartened, dismayed, displeased, distressed,disturbed, downcast, downhearted, dull, embarrassed, embittered, exasperated,exhausted, fatigued, fearful, forlorn, frightened, frustrated, furious, guilty, helpless,hesitant, horrified, hostile, hot, hurt, impatient, indifferent, intense, lazy, lethargic,listless, lonely, mad, mean, morose, mournful, nervous, overwhelmed, panicky,passive, perplexed, pessimistic, puzzled, reluctant, repelled, restless, sad, scared,sensitive, shocked, sceptical, sleepy, sorrowful, sorry, speechless, spiritless, startled,surprised, suspicious, terrified, tired, troubled, uncomfortable, unconcerned, uneasy,unglued, unhappy, unnerved, unsteady, upset, uptight, vexed, weary, withdrawn,worried, wretched.5. Types of <strong>conflict</strong>Various scientists and researchers classify <strong>conflict</strong>s according to different criteria 27 .Many of the types presented below are based on the aspects described previously.Even though all <strong>conflict</strong>s have more reasons (which might even shift over the <strong>conflict</strong>history) it is important to identify and analyze the central ones to create appropriateintervention strategies.Data or information <strong>conflict</strong> involves lack of information or misinformation, as wellas differing views on which data are relevant, how they are interpreted andassessed.Identity based <strong>conflict</strong> arise when one’s identity is in danger. Identity goes beyondreligion or ethnic factors; people are part of clubs, societies, professions, politicalparties or cults with which they identify themselves either for prestige, historicalor cultural reasons. When people feel that their identity with a group isthreatened, there is the tendency to resort to protest, violence or other socialaction to correct the perceived threat.Interest <strong>conflict</strong>, which involves actual or perceived competition over interests, suchas resources, the way a dispute is to be resolved or perceived, issues of trust andfairness.116 I I I . C O N F L I C T
Inter-group <strong>conflict</strong> arises when individuals act or re‐act negatively towards othermembers outside their group, club, sex, religion or ethnicity based on existingincompatibilities, behaviour or values. Stereotypes or prejudices may be asource of inter‐group <strong>conflict</strong>.Needs-based <strong>conflict</strong>, is concerned with the frustration of basic human needs. Basichuman needs are seen as fundamental requirements for human existence anddevelopment. These include food, security, identity, freedom, justice and participation.When these needs are not being fulfilled over time, it triggers <strong>conflict</strong>.Power <strong>conflict</strong>, which arises when an individual or a group attempts to increaseundue influence and control over other individuals or groups targeting theirway of life, thinking or attitude within or between societies. In other words,power <strong>conflict</strong>s are about struggle for dominance either in the family, workplace,church, mosque, club, village, government departments or other institutions.Power <strong>conflict</strong>s are often associated with the use of negative powerincluding threats, deception or manipulation.Relation <strong>conflict</strong> results from strong emotions, stereotypes, miscommunication andrepetitive, negative behaviour in relationships. It is this type of <strong>conflict</strong> whichoften provides fuel for disputes and can promote destructive <strong>conflict</strong> evenwhen the conditions for resolving the other sources of <strong>conflict</strong> can be met.Religious <strong>conflict</strong>s are triggered when there is an attempt to defame or criticize somebody’sreligion a wrong, funny or useless. Religion is a matter of the heart — veryemotional. Accepting other religions, complying with the various ways of practicingdifferent faiths and tolerating even the contrasting spirituality of otherscan enhance peaceful co‐existence in any community.Resource based/economic <strong>conflict</strong> is triggered by competition over scarce resourcessuch as land, water, oil and diamonds or intangible resources such as powerand knowledge. If resources are in limited or short supply and the competingparties are of the opinion that what one gains, the other loses, both groups pursuestrategies and behaviour to obtain a fair share of the available resources. Atthe same time, this might be perceived by the other side as unfair. This circumstancecan generate feelings of being under threat, suspicion and eventually afeeling of hostility.5 . Ty p e s o f c o n f l i c t 117
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Peacebuilding& conflict transformat
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Peacebuilding& conflict transformat
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Table of contentsEditors’ Forewor
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2.1 Aspects of conflicts . . . . .
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Editors’ forewordWhen Katharina S
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ForewordDear user(s), this resource
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This version is accompanied by the
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process our social connectedness as
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I.PEACE
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Peace and striving for peace are at
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▶ Peace is an interweaving of rel
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peace encompasses all aspects of a
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1.5 Strategies for peaceMahatma Gan
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▶ International Convention on the
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There is a great deal of human suff
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2.2 Principles for peacebuildingThe
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InfrastructureInfrastructure is req
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ebuilding community structures, per
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3.1 What is peace education?Peace e
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NonviolenceNonviolence means that f
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the fear of the one’s personal po
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▶ Discover inner peace —this me
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4.1.2 Peace as a research activity
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II.COMMUNICATION
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2. Facts about communication2.1 It
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2.5 Implicit and explicit messagesA
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2.7 Our own fantasySometimes one re
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3.1 Verbal communication“Speech i
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Facial expressions: show emotions o
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Smelling using the nose to listen t
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Intrapersonal communication … is
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7. Receiving and sending7.1 The cyc
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- Page 112 and 113: Sources of powerThere are various s
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- Page 144 and 145: 1. IntroductionViolence is a phenom
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6.3.1 From unmet needs to crisis -
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Fire begins to burnConfrontation/Op
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6.3.4 F. Glasl’s - nine stages of
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3. LEVEL THREE (LOSE-LOSE)Stage 7:
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to describe emotions or speak about
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eaction and answer concerning the d
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7.3 Violence and genderSEXrefers on
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Gender based violenceGender based v
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7.5 Violence and ideology▶ Nation
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with equal alacrity by people on th
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9. Effects of violenceViolent confl
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VI.NONVIOLENCE
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2. Historical roots2.1 ReligionNonv
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Mahatma Gandhi was born a Hindu, pr
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colonial and post‐colonial eras.
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▶ Generations to come will scarce
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elieve people and not profit are ce
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Methods of nonviolent protestNonvio
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Nonviolent communication skills are
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▶ Mr. A is more concerned about t
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A kind of misery about one’s own
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Demand‘I want you to do it, if yo
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▶ “When I see…” “When I h
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The following list provides some mo
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Feelings are often associated with
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To clearly identify and name our em
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Fun fulfilled by laughing and playi
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RequestThe fourth and last componen
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We help others to trust that we are
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This involves the four areas of non
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3) Connect your thoughts with your
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A verbal wound is as bad as a physi
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4. Translating the others’ blame
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VII.FAIR PLAY
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2. Fairness and sportsAlthough fair
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▶ Sports can be used to counter v
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Fair Play PointsIf rules are establ
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4. Principles for teaching fair pla
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GangingAn irritating situation can
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national institutions to send out a
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VIII.CONFLICTTRANSFORMATION
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flict is either settled forever or
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The major aims of dealing construct
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7. Introducing a third party with s
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▶ Do not damage your opponent’s
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2. Conflict strategies -approaches
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modate put relationships first, ign
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New ideas are created when working
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CONFRON TA-TION /COMPETITIONAVOIDAN
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parency about feelings and percepti
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Answers to the following questions
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▶ Interest‐based negotiation is
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“Blessed be the peacemakers for t
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They can talk directly (with the me
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Strength and weaknessA mediator’s
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5.4 Phases of mediationThe process
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Ground rulesExplain the ground rule
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Phase 3 Clarify the problem/develop
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Deliberate on every optional soluti
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CHECKLIST FOR MEDIATORSPhase IOpeni
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APPENDIX
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15. United Nations: Charter of the
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6. Lederach, John Paul: Preparing f
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24. Burton, John: Resolving deep ro
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24. Dugan, Máire A.: Aggression. B
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Part VI - Nonviolence1. Wink, Walte
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5. Sadako Ogata (High Commissioner
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ReferencesAbiew, Francis Kofi & Kea
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Foucault, Michael: The History of S
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Lederach, John Paul: Preparing for
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Schweitzer, Christine (et al): Civi
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Gandhi’s principlesLive as if you
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“I have a dream” - Martin Luthe
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persecution and staggered by the wi
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Excerpts from the joint position pa
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experts and their local colleagues.
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Katharina Schilling is a medical nu