Peacebuilding &conflict transformation A ... - Peaceworkafrica

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InformationRelationshipPersonalIntention/SelfrevelationAppealThe receiver▶ The personal listening with the appeal , the receiver asks him/herselfquestions such as:▶ What does the sender want?▶ What do they want me to do?▶ How can I satisfy the sender’s need?▶ What will be the consequence of this message?spoken wordsIs there any more tea?I am so lonely.Are you enjoying this session?interpretation/reactionI will immediately make one for you.Please don’t go!If you are bored we can do somethingdifferent…If the receiver is only listening with the appeal , they might be constantly thinkingabout how to fulfill the other’s wishes. A waitress whose job is to take care of customersis an example of specialization to hear with the appeal . The waitress thereforesearches for looks, gestures or words from the customers in order to complywith their wishes (other examples for professionally listening with the appeal:nurse‐patient and mother‐child).70 I I . C O M M U N I C AT I O N
8. Factors influencing the qualityof communicationThe factors below have been identified by many authors as important in influencingthe quality of communication.Time Interactions change over time, especially as people become acquainted witheach other. The way people interact and what they talk about (content, topics)changes with time as they get to know each other.Noise Noise refers to whatever disrupts communication. This may be actual noisefrom what is happening in the surroundings such as music, traffic or blaringhorns that distract speaker and/or listener. Some authors include proceedingsinside a person that hinder or distort the message to be noise as well. A person—speaker or listener —might be preoccupied with thoughts about whatthey need to get done or how to solve a problem. Both kinds of noise interruptconcentration and are part of the noise that disrupts effective communication.Field of experience Individuals interpret messages on the basis of their own experience,moods, culture and background. These elements make up a person’s fieldof experience. The more the fields of experience of people communicatingwith each other overlap, the lesser the misunderstanding in their communication.Contexts The context describes the situation in which the communication takesplace. This includes shared contexts like culture as well as personal contextssuch as family or religion.The concepts of context and fields of experience emphasize how culture and perceptionaffect the way we communicate, how we send and receive messages. These differencescan cause miscommunication and possibly <strong>conflict</strong>. One must be awarethat fields of experience and context change over time. Everyone accumulatesknowledge and experience every day, and this affects the way we communicate andhow we interact with each other. For example, if you have a negative encounter witha medical doctor, this will colour your next interaction with health staff.8 . F a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g t h e q u a l i t y o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n 71
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Peacebuilding& conflict transformat
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Peacebuilding& conflict transformat
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Table of contentsEditors’ Forewor
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2.1 Aspects of conflicts . . . . .
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Editors’ forewordWhen Katharina S
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ForewordDear user(s), this resource
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This version is accompanied by the
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process our social connectedness as
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I.PEACE
Page 21 and 22: Peace and striving for peace are at
Page 23 and 24: ▶ Peace is an interweaving of rel
Page 25 and 26: peace encompasses all aspects of a
Page 27 and 28: 1.5 Strategies for peaceMahatma Gan
Page 29 and 30: ▶ International Convention on the
Page 31 and 32: There is a great deal of human suff
Page 33 and 34: 2.2 Principles for peacebuildingThe
Page 35 and 36: InfrastructureInfrastructure is req
Page 37 and 38: ebuilding community structures, per
Page 39 and 40: 3.1 What is peace education?Peace e
Page 41 and 42: NonviolenceNonviolence means that f
Page 43 and 44: the fear of the one’s personal po
Page 45 and 46: ▶ Discover inner peace —this me
Page 47 and 48: 4.1.2 Peace as a research activity
Page 49 and 50: II.COMMUNICATION
Page 51 and 52: 2. Facts about communication2.1 It
Page 53 and 54: 2.5 Implicit and explicit messagesA
Page 55 and 56: 2.7 Our own fantasySometimes one re
Page 57 and 58: 3.1 Verbal communication“Speech i
Page 59 and 60: Facial expressions: show emotions o
Page 61 and 62: Smelling using the nose to listen t
Page 63 and 64: Intrapersonal communication … is
Page 65 and 66: 7. Receiving and sending7.1 The cyc
Page 67 and 68: All four aspects must be properly r
Page 69 and 70: Dimension of information/factual le
Page 71: Additionally, a receiver whose self
Page 75 and 76: the listener is expected to clearly
Page 77 and 78: Set context and state the purpose o
Page 79 and 80: Keep in mind:▶ When overused, act
Page 81 and 82: Don’t say “You know something w
Page 83 and 84: 10.1.3 SummarizingA summary is simi
Page 85 and 86: ClarifyingClarifying means to use t
Page 87 and 88: Questioning techniques / Interrogat
Page 89 and 90: Obviously, before even thinking of
Page 91 and 92: Helpful - de-escalating effectExpre
Page 93: Additionally, people actively invol
Page 96 and 97: 1. Conflict - a fact of lifeSymbol
Page 98 and 99: 2. Social conflict2.1 What is typic
Page 100 and 101: Examples▶ Two people disagree on
Page 102 and 103: 2.3 Typical conflict behavioursThe
Page 104 and 105: conflict transformation skills as i
Page 106 and 107: AttitudeAttitude means the way an i
Page 108 and 109: Respect: self‐respect, personal i
Page 110 and 111: acquired by everyone. If dialogue a
Page 112 and 113: Sources of powerThere are various s
Page 114 and 115: . Needs and their classificationsHu
Page 116 and 117: or any other differentiating charac
Page 118 and 119: How we are likely to feel when our
Page 120 and 121: Structural conflict is caused by un
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IV.TOOLS FORANALYSIS
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Context analysis in peace building
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Conflict analysis can be carried ou
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a) good conflict analysis skills,b)
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Decide and agree on the meaning of
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Example - Age limit for CYF members
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3.4 ABC - triangleWhat is it?▶ Th
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When to use it?▶ with a group hav
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3.7 Pyramid - three level triangleW
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▶ Relationship: identify and desc
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1. IntroductionViolence is a phenom
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▶ Worldwide, violence is used as
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Core of use of objects (weapons)Vis
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4. Dimensions of violence - a typol
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▶ Direct violence means an indivi
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using industrialized nations cause
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tual condition compared to what wou
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6. The dynamics of conflicts and vi
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Survival or physical level - The in
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6.1.2 Aggression and…Aggression a
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▶ One can use so‐called ‘invi
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tooth” are common all over the wo
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6.3.1 From unmet needs to crisis -
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Fire begins to burnConfrontation/Op
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6.3.4 F. Glasl’s - nine stages of
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3. LEVEL THREE (LOSE-LOSE)Stage 7:
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to describe emotions or speak about
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eaction and answer concerning the d
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7.3 Violence and genderSEXrefers on
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Gender based violenceGender based v
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7.5 Violence and ideology▶ Nation
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with equal alacrity by people on th
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9. Effects of violenceViolent confl
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VI.NONVIOLENCE
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2. Historical roots2.1 ReligionNonv
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Mahatma Gandhi was born a Hindu, pr
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colonial and post‐colonial eras.
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▶ Generations to come will scarce
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elieve people and not profit are ce
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Methods of nonviolent protestNonvio
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Nonviolent communication skills are
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▶ Mr. A is more concerned about t
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A kind of misery about one’s own
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Demand‘I want you to do it, if yo
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▶ “When I see…” “When I h
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The following list provides some mo
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Feelings are often associated with
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To clearly identify and name our em
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Fun fulfilled by laughing and playi
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RequestThe fourth and last componen
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We help others to trust that we are
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This involves the four areas of non
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3) Connect your thoughts with your
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A verbal wound is as bad as a physi
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4. Translating the others’ blame
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VII.FAIR PLAY
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2. Fairness and sportsAlthough fair
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▶ Sports can be used to counter v
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Fair Play PointsIf rules are establ
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4. Principles for teaching fair pla
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GangingAn irritating situation can
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national institutions to send out a
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VIII.CONFLICTTRANSFORMATION
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flict is either settled forever or
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The major aims of dealing construct
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7. Introducing a third party with s
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▶ Do not damage your opponent’s
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2. Conflict strategies -approaches
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modate put relationships first, ign
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New ideas are created when working
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CONFRON TA-TION /COMPETITIONAVOIDAN
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parency about feelings and percepti
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Answers to the following questions
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▶ Interest‐based negotiation is
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“Blessed be the peacemakers for t
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They can talk directly (with the me
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Strength and weaknessA mediator’s
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5.4 Phases of mediationThe process
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Ground rulesExplain the ground rule
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Phase 3 Clarify the problem/develop
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Deliberate on every optional soluti
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CHECKLIST FOR MEDIATORSPhase IOpeni
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APPENDIX
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15. United Nations: Charter of the
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6. Lederach, John Paul: Preparing f
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24. Burton, John: Resolving deep ro
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24. Dugan, Máire A.: Aggression. B
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Part VI - Nonviolence1. Wink, Walte
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5. Sadako Ogata (High Commissioner
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ReferencesAbiew, Francis Kofi & Kea
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Foucault, Michael: The History of S
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Lederach, John Paul: Preparing for
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Schweitzer, Christine (et al): Civi
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Gandhi’s principlesLive as if you
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“I have a dream” - Martin Luthe
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persecution and staggered by the wi
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Excerpts from the joint position pa
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experts and their local colleagues.
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Katharina Schilling is a medical nu
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