Peacebuilding &conflict transformation A ... - Peaceworkafrica

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9. Effects of violenceViolent conflicts generally have greater impacts on innocent citizens, particularly onthe poor and marginalized than on those holding responsibility for them. The ‘Costof conflict’ is a tool which attempts to calculate the price of conflict to the humanrace. The idea is to examine this cost not only in terms of deaths, casualties and theeconomic costs borne by the people involved; but to also calculate social effects,developmental costs, environmental destruction and strategic costs of violent conflicts.The approach therefore considers i.e.:▶ direct costs of conflict: human deaths, expenditure, destruction of landand infrastructure;▶ indirect costs of conflict: impact on a society, for instance migration,humiliation, growth of extremism and lack of civil society.The table on the next page shows some visible and invisible effects of violence.Keeping these effects of violence in mind makes it very logical that preventing orending violent conflicts is a ‘sine qua non’ for sustainable development. Attempts toresolve or transform violent conflicts have led to the development of different conceptssuch as preventive diplomacy, conflict prevention, conflict analysis, mediationand peace building.186 V. V I O L E N C E
Space Material, visible effects Non-material, invisible effectEnvironmentHumansSocietyWorldTimeCultureDepletion, pollution andother damage to diversity andsymbiosisSomatic effects: numbers ofpeople▶ killed▶ wounded, crippled▶ raped, infected withdiseases▶ displaced▶ addicted to drugs…Damage and destruction of▶ material▶ infrastructure▶ buildingsDamage to material &infrastructureDelayed violence like▶ landmines▶ transmitted violence –hatred and revenge overgenerationsIrreversible damage to culturalheritage▶ constructions▶ monuments▶ materialsLoss of respect for non-humannature, reinforcing the idea‘man-over-nature’Spiritual effects:▶ bereavement (of loved ones)▶ trauma (due to violence on oneselfor witnessed)▶ hatred and revenge▶ addiction to drugs, violence▶ victory and glorification…▶ damage to social structures onvarious levels▶ damage to cultures▶ low violence thresholdsdamage to the global socialstructureDelayed transfer of knowledge on▶ structure▶ culture▶ time points of trauma and glory▶ Irreversible damage to culturalheritage in regard to the variety ofknowledge about tradition▶ Culture of violence (intolerance,injustice) reigns▶ Either trauma or glory▶ Deterioration or loss of culturallyadapted conflict-transformationcapacities9 . E f f e c t s o f v i o l e n c e 187
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Peacebuilding& conflict transformat
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Peacebuilding& conflict transformat
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Table of contentsEditors’ Forewor
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2.1 Aspects of conflicts . . . . .
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Editors’ forewordWhen Katharina S
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ForewordDear user(s), this resource
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This version is accompanied by the
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process our social connectedness as
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I.PEACE
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Peace and striving for peace are at
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▶ Peace is an interweaving of rel
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peace encompasses all aspects of a
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1.5 Strategies for peaceMahatma Gan
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▶ International Convention on the
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There is a great deal of human suff
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2.2 Principles for peacebuildingThe
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InfrastructureInfrastructure is req
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ebuilding community structures, per
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3.1 What is peace education?Peace e
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NonviolenceNonviolence means that f
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the fear of the one’s personal po
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▶ Discover inner peace —this me
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4.1.2 Peace as a research activity
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II.COMMUNICATION
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2. Facts about communication2.1 It
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2.5 Implicit and explicit messagesA
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2.7 Our own fantasySometimes one re
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3.1 Verbal communication“Speech i
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Facial expressions: show emotions o
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Smelling using the nose to listen t
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Intrapersonal communication … is
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7. Receiving and sending7.1 The cyc
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All four aspects must be properly r
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Dimension of information/factual le
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Additionally, a receiver whose self
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8. Factors influencing the qualityo
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the listener is expected to clearly
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Set context and state the purpose o
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Keep in mind:▶ When overused, act
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Don’t say “You know something w
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10.1.3 SummarizingA summary is simi
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ClarifyingClarifying means to use t
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Questioning techniques / Interrogat
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Obviously, before even thinking of
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Helpful - de-escalating effectExpre
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Additionally, people actively invol
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1. Conflict - a fact of lifeSymbol
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2. Social conflict2.1 What is typic
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Examples▶ Two people disagree on
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2.3 Typical conflict behavioursThe
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conflict transformation skills as i
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AttitudeAttitude means the way an i
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Respect: self‐respect, personal i
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acquired by everyone. If dialogue a
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Sources of powerThere are various s
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. Needs and their classificationsHu
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or any other differentiating charac
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How we are likely to feel when our
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Structural conflict is caused by un
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IV.TOOLS FORANALYSIS
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Context analysis in peace building
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Conflict analysis can be carried ou
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a) good conflict analysis skills,b)
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Decide and agree on the meaning of
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Example - Age limit for CYF members
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3.4 ABC - triangleWhat is it?▶ Th
Page 137 and 138: When to use it?▶ with a group hav
Page 139 and 140: 3.7 Pyramid - three level triangleW
Page 141: ▶ Relationship: identify and desc
Page 144 and 145: 1. IntroductionViolence is a phenom
Page 146 and 147: ▶ Worldwide, violence is used as
Page 148 and 149: Core of use of objects (weapons)Vis
Page 150 and 151: 4. Dimensions of violence - a typol
Page 152 and 153: ▶ Direct violence means an indivi
Page 154 and 155: using industrialized nations cause
Page 156 and 157: tual condition compared to what wou
Page 158 and 159: 6. The dynamics of conflicts and vi
Page 160 and 161: Survival or physical level - The in
Page 162 and 163: 6.1.2 Aggression and…Aggression a
Page 164 and 165: ▶ One can use so‐called ‘invi
Page 166 and 167: tooth” are common all over the wo
Page 168 and 169: 6.3.1 From unmet needs to crisis -
Page 170 and 171: Fire begins to burnConfrontation/Op
Page 172 and 173: 6.3.4 F. Glasl’s - nine stages of
Page 174 and 175: 3. LEVEL THREE (LOSE-LOSE)Stage 7:
Page 176 and 177: to describe emotions or speak about
Page 178 and 179: eaction and answer concerning the d
Page 180 and 181: 7.3 Violence and genderSEXrefers on
Page 182 and 183: Gender based violenceGender based v
Page 184 and 185: 7.5 Violence and ideology▶ Nation
Page 186 and 187: with equal alacrity by people on th
Page 191 and 192: VI.NONVIOLENCE
Page 193 and 194: 2. Historical roots2.1 ReligionNonv
Page 195 and 196: Mahatma Gandhi was born a Hindu, pr
Page 197 and 198: colonial and post‐colonial eras.
Page 199 and 200: ▶ Generations to come will scarce
Page 201 and 202: elieve people and not profit are ce
Page 203 and 204: Methods of nonviolent protestNonvio
Page 205 and 206: Nonviolent communication skills are
Page 207 and 208: ▶ Mr. A is more concerned about t
Page 209 and 210: A kind of misery about one’s own
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Page 213 and 214: ▶ “When I see…” “When I h
Page 215 and 216: The following list provides some mo
Page 217 and 218: Feelings are often associated with
Page 219 and 220: To clearly identify and name our em
Page 221 and 222: Fun fulfilled by laughing and playi
Page 223 and 224: RequestThe fourth and last componen
Page 225 and 226: We help others to trust that we are
Page 227 and 228: This involves the four areas of non
Page 229 and 230: 3) Connect your thoughts with your
Page 231 and 232: A verbal wound is as bad as a physi
Page 233 and 234: 4. Translating the others’ blame
Page 235 and 236: VII.FAIR PLAY
Page 237 and 238: 2. Fairness and sportsAlthough fair
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▶ Sports can be used to counter v
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Fair Play PointsIf rules are establ
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4. Principles for teaching fair pla
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GangingAn irritating situation can
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national institutions to send out a
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VIII.CONFLICTTRANSFORMATION
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flict is either settled forever or
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The major aims of dealing construct
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7. Introducing a third party with s
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▶ Do not damage your opponent’s
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2. Conflict strategies -approaches
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modate put relationships first, ign
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New ideas are created when working
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CONFRON TA-TION /COMPETITIONAVOIDAN
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parency about feelings and percepti
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Answers to the following questions
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▶ Interest‐based negotiation is
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“Blessed be the peacemakers for t
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They can talk directly (with the me
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Strength and weaknessA mediator’s
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5.4 Phases of mediationThe process
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Ground rulesExplain the ground rule
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Phase 3 Clarify the problem/develop
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Deliberate on every optional soluti
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CHECKLIST FOR MEDIATORSPhase IOpeni
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APPENDIX
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15. United Nations: Charter of the
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6. Lederach, John Paul: Preparing f
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24. Burton, John: Resolving deep ro
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24. Dugan, Máire A.: Aggression. B
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Part VI - Nonviolence1. Wink, Walte
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5. Sadako Ogata (High Commissioner
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ReferencesAbiew, Francis Kofi & Kea
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Foucault, Michael: The History of S
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Lederach, John Paul: Preparing for
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Schweitzer, Christine (et al): Civi
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Gandhi’s principlesLive as if you
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“I have a dream” - Martin Luthe
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persecution and staggered by the wi
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Excerpts from the joint position pa
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experts and their local colleagues.
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Katharina Schilling is a medical nu
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