Peacebuilding &conflict transformation A ... - Peaceworkafrica

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2.6 Congruent and incongruent messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512.7 Our own fantasy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533. Types of communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543.1 Verbal communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553.2 Non-verbal communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554. Means of communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585. Steps in communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596. Levels of communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607. Receiving and sending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637.1 The cycle of communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637.2 The four sides of a message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648. Factors influencing the quality of communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718.1 Obstacles to non-verbal communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728.2 Obstacles to verbal communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729. Effective communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7410. Active listening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7510.1 Skills for listening and questioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7610.2 Questioning techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8210.3 Don’ts of listening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8411. Creating dialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8612. Communication and conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8613. De-escalation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88III. CONFLICT1. Conflict – a fact of life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942. Social conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962.1 What is typical about a conflict? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962.2 Defining social conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972.3 Typical conflict behaviours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003. Levels of conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014. Sources of conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024.1 Conditions and issues influencing conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1034.2 Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1094.3 Human needs – a root cause of conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1114.4 Feelings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1155. Types of conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1166. Positive functions of conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118IV. TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS1. Context analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1222. Conflict analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1246
2.1 Aspects of conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1253. Different tools for conflict analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1273.1 Conflict mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1273.2 Onion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1303.3 Pillars – inverted triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1313.4 ABC – triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1333.5 Conflict tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1343.6 Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1363.7 Pyramid – three level triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1373.8 Checklist “understanding conflict” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138V. VIOLENCE1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1422. Thoughts and statements about violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1433. Categories of violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1454. Dimensions of violence… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1484.1 Direct/Personal violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1494.2 Indirect/Structural violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1504.3 Cultural violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1535. All-or-nothing thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1546. The Dynamic of conflicts and violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1566.1 Aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1566.2 The dynamics of violence – the major (M) – minor (m) – system . . . . . . . . . 1616.3 Different escalation models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1657. Violence and … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1737.1 Violence and communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1737.2 Violence and youth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1767.3 Violence and gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1787.4 Violence and law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1817.5 Violence and ideology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1827.6 Violence and religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1828. Justification of violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1849. Effects of violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186VI. NONVIOLENCE1. A brief introduction to nonviolence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1902. Historical roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1912.1 Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1912.2 Social movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1933. Nonviolence for life – some activists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1954. Nonviolent methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007
Page 1: Peacebuilding& conflict transformat
Page 5 and 6: Peacebuilding& conflict transformat
Page 7: Table of contentsEditors’ Forewor
Page 11 and 12: Editors’ forewordWhen Katharina S
Page 13 and 14: ForewordDear user(s), this resource
Page 15 and 16: This version is accompanied by the
Page 17 and 18: process our social connectedness as
Page 19 and 20: I.PEACE
Page 21 and 22: Peace and striving for peace are at
Page 23 and 24: ▶ Peace is an interweaving of rel
Page 25 and 26: peace encompasses all aspects of a
Page 27 and 28: 1.5 Strategies for peaceMahatma Gan
Page 29 and 30: ▶ International Convention on the
Page 31 and 32: There is a great deal of human suff
Page 33 and 34: 2.2 Principles for peacebuildingThe
Page 35 and 36: InfrastructureInfrastructure is req
Page 37 and 38: ebuilding community structures, per
Page 39 and 40: 3.1 What is peace education?Peace e
Page 41 and 42: NonviolenceNonviolence means that f
Page 43 and 44: the fear of the one’s personal po
Page 45 and 46: ▶ Discover inner peace —this me
Page 47 and 48: 4.1.2 Peace as a research activity
Page 49 and 50: II.COMMUNICATION
Page 51 and 52: 2. Facts about communication2.1 It
Page 53 and 54: 2.5 Implicit and explicit messagesA
Page 55 and 56: 2.7 Our own fantasySometimes one re
Page 57 and 58: 3.1 Verbal communication“Speech i
Page 59 and 60:
Facial expressions: show emotions o
Page 61 and 62:
Smelling using the nose to listen t
Page 63 and 64:
Intrapersonal communication … is
Page 65 and 66:
7. Receiving and sending7.1 The cyc
Page 67 and 68:
All four aspects must be properly r
Page 69 and 70:
Dimension of information/factual le
Page 71 and 72:
Additionally, a receiver whose self
Page 73 and 74:
8. Factors influencing the qualityo
Page 75 and 76:
the listener is expected to clearly
Page 77 and 78:
Set context and state the purpose o
Page 79 and 80:
Keep in mind:▶ When overused, act
Page 81 and 82:
Don’t say “You know something w
Page 83 and 84:
10.1.3 SummarizingA summary is simi
Page 85 and 86:
ClarifyingClarifying means to use t
Page 87 and 88:
Questioning techniques / Interrogat
Page 89 and 90:
Obviously, before even thinking of
Page 91 and 92:
Helpful - de-escalating effectExpre
Page 93:
Additionally, people actively invol
Page 96 and 97:
1. Conflict - a fact of lifeSymbol
Page 98 and 99:
2. Social conflict2.1 What is typic
Page 100 and 101:
Examples▶ Two people disagree on
Page 102 and 103:
2.3 Typical conflict behavioursThe
Page 104 and 105:
conflict transformation skills as i
Page 106 and 107:
AttitudeAttitude means the way an i
Page 108 and 109:
Respect: self‐respect, personal i
Page 110 and 111:
acquired by everyone. If dialogue a
Page 112 and 113:
Sources of powerThere are various s
Page 114 and 115:
. Needs and their classificationsHu
Page 116 and 117:
or any other differentiating charac
Page 118 and 119:
How we are likely to feel when our
Page 120 and 121:
Structural conflict is caused by un
Page 123 and 124:
IV.TOOLS FORANALYSIS
Page 125 and 126:
Context analysis in peace building
Page 127 and 128:
Conflict analysis can be carried ou
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a) good conflict analysis skills,b)
Page 131 and 132:
Decide and agree on the meaning of
Page 133 and 134:
Example - Age limit for CYF members
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3.4 ABC - triangleWhat is it?▶ Th
Page 137 and 138:
When to use it?▶ with a group hav
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3.7 Pyramid - three level triangleW
Page 141:
▶ Relationship: identify and desc
Page 144 and 145:
1. IntroductionViolence is a phenom
Page 146 and 147:
▶ Worldwide, violence is used as
Page 148 and 149:
Core of use of objects (weapons)Vis
Page 150 and 151:
4. Dimensions of violence - a typol
Page 152 and 153:
▶ Direct violence means an indivi
Page 154 and 155:
using industrialized nations cause
Page 156 and 157:
tual condition compared to what wou
Page 158 and 159:
6. The dynamics of conflicts and vi
Page 160 and 161:
Survival or physical level - The in
Page 162 and 163:
6.1.2 Aggression and…Aggression a
Page 164 and 165:
▶ One can use so‐called ‘invi
Page 166 and 167:
tooth” are common all over the wo
Page 168 and 169:
6.3.1 From unmet needs to crisis -
Page 170 and 171:
Fire begins to burnConfrontation/Op
Page 172 and 173:
6.3.4 F. Glasl’s - nine stages of
Page 174 and 175:
3. LEVEL THREE (LOSE-LOSE)Stage 7:
Page 176 and 177:
to describe emotions or speak about
Page 178 and 179:
eaction and answer concerning the d
Page 180 and 181:
7.3 Violence and genderSEXrefers on
Page 182 and 183:
Gender based violenceGender based v
Page 184 and 185:
7.5 Violence and ideology▶ Nation
Page 186 and 187:
with equal alacrity by people on th
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9. Effects of violenceViolent confl
Page 191 and 192:
VI.NONVIOLENCE
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2. Historical roots2.1 ReligionNonv
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Mahatma Gandhi was born a Hindu, pr
Page 197 and 198:
colonial and post‐colonial eras.
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▶ Generations to come will scarce
Page 201 and 202:
elieve people and not profit are ce
Page 203 and 204:
Methods of nonviolent protestNonvio
Page 205 and 206:
Nonviolent communication skills are
Page 207 and 208:
▶ Mr. A is more concerned about t
Page 209 and 210:
A kind of misery about one’s own
Page 211 and 212:
Demand‘I want you to do it, if yo
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▶ “When I see…” “When I h
Page 215 and 216:
The following list provides some mo
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Feelings are often associated with
Page 219 and 220:
To clearly identify and name our em
Page 221 and 222:
Fun fulfilled by laughing and playi
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RequestThe fourth and last componen
Page 225 and 226:
We help others to trust that we are
Page 227 and 228:
This involves the four areas of non
Page 229 and 230:
3) Connect your thoughts with your
Page 231 and 232:
A verbal wound is as bad as a physi
Page 233 and 234:
4. Translating the others’ blame
Page 235 and 236:
VII.FAIR PLAY
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2. Fairness and sportsAlthough fair
Page 239 and 240:
▶ Sports can be used to counter v
Page 241 and 242:
Fair Play PointsIf rules are establ
Page 243 and 244:
4. Principles for teaching fair pla
Page 245 and 246:
GangingAn irritating situation can
Page 247 and 248:
national institutions to send out a
Page 249 and 250:
VIII.CONFLICTTRANSFORMATION
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flict is either settled forever or
Page 253 and 254:
The major aims of dealing construct
Page 255 and 256:
7. Introducing a third party with s
Page 257 and 258:
▶ Do not damage your opponent’s
Page 259 and 260:
2. Conflict strategies -approaches
Page 261 and 262:
modate put relationships first, ign
Page 263 and 264:
New ideas are created when working
Page 265 and 266:
CONFRON TA-TION /COMPETITIONAVOIDAN
Page 267 and 268:
parency about feelings and percepti
Page 269 and 270:
Answers to the following questions
Page 271 and 272:
▶ Interest‐based negotiation is
Page 273 and 274:
“Blessed be the peacemakers for t
Page 275 and 276:
They can talk directly (with the me
Page 277 and 278:
Strength and weaknessA mediator’s
Page 279 and 280:
5.4 Phases of mediationThe process
Page 281 and 282:
Ground rulesExplain the ground rule
Page 283 and 284:
Phase 3 Clarify the problem/develop
Page 285 and 286:
Deliberate on every optional soluti
Page 287 and 288:
CHECKLIST FOR MEDIATORSPhase IOpeni
Page 289 and 290:
APPENDIX
Page 291 and 292:
15. United Nations: Charter of the
Page 293 and 294:
6. Lederach, John Paul: Preparing f
Page 295 and 296:
24. Burton, John: Resolving deep ro
Page 297 and 298:
24. Dugan, Máire A.: Aggression. B
Page 299 and 300:
Part VI - Nonviolence1. Wink, Walte
Page 301 and 302:
5. Sadako Ogata (High Commissioner
Page 303 and 304:
ReferencesAbiew, Francis Kofi & Kea
Page 305 and 306:
Foucault, Michael: The History of S
Page 307 and 308:
Lederach, John Paul: Preparing for
Page 309 and 310:
Schweitzer, Christine (et al): Civi
Page 311 and 312:
Gandhi’s principlesLive as if you
Page 313 and 314:
“I have a dream” - Martin Luthe
Page 315 and 316:
persecution and staggered by the wi
Page 317 and 318:
Excerpts from the joint position pa
Page 319 and 320:
experts and their local colleagues.
Page 321:
Katharina Schilling is a medical nu
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