Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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~~~-------3.21. Overview of Sheep Camp Shelter, excavated by the University of Kansas as part of theChaco Shelters Project ............................................ 893.22. Judge's (1982b) hypothetical correlation of chronology, culture, and climate for theSan Juan Basin ................................................. 924.1. Joseph Maloney excavating a slab-lined house near Casa Rinconada in 1936 . . . . . . . . .. 984.2. Identified Basketmaker III habitation sites in and around Chaco Culture NHP . . . . . . .. 1024.3. Identified Pueblo I habitation sites in and around Chaco Culture NHP . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1034.4. Map of Shabik'eshchee Village. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1044.5. Map of 29SJ423, indicating excavated structures and surrounding features ........ " 1054.6. Map of 29SJ299, indicating the A.D. 500s to early 700s site use and the Pueblo Icomponent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 1074.7. Map of 29SJ628 ............................................... 1084.8. Map of 29SJ721, indicating A.D. 600s to late 700s use .................... " 1094.9. Map of 29SJ724 ............................................... 1105.1. Mapof29S11360 .............................................. 1325.2. Construction phases at 29JS1360 ................................... " 1335.3. Map of 29SJ627 ............................................... 1355.4. Construction phases B, C, and D at 29SJ627 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1365.5. Map of 29SJ629 ............................................... 1395.6. Construction phases I through IV at 29SJ629 ........................... " 1405.7. Mapof29SJ633 ............................................... 1425.8. Map of Pueblo Alto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1445.9. The Pueblo Alto community ...................................... " 1455.10. Phase IA construction at Pueblo Alto, A.D. 1020 to 1040 .................... 1465.11. Phases IB and IC construction at Pueblo Alto, A.D. 1020 to 1040 ............... 1475.12. Phase II construction at Pueblo Alto, A.D. 1020 to 1050 ..................... 1485.13. Phase III construction at Pueblo Alto, A.D. 1040 to 1060 ................... " 1495.14. Phase IV construction at Pueblo Alto, A.D. 1080 to 1100 .................... 1505.15 Phase V Construction at Pueblo Alto, A.D. 1100 to 1140 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1515.16. Road network around the Pueblo Alto community. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1535.17. Road-related rooms and entry points at Pueblo Alto ........................ 1555.18. Map of Chetro Ketl (29S11928) ..................................... 1585.19. Early Type I masonry beneath Room 62 at Chetro Ketl ...................... 1595.20. Map of Talus Unit No.1 (29S11930) ................................. , 1615.21. Map of Una Vida (29SJ391) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1625.22. Map of Kin Nahasbas (29SJ392) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1645.23. Shrine at 29SJ423: A) Overview of site. B) Plan of shrine ................... 1665.24. Altar box at shrine at site 29SJ423 ................................... 1675.25. Shrines, stone circles, great kivas, and great houses in Chaco Canyon. . . . . . . . . . . .. 1685.26. Map of Chaco roads system ....................................... , 1705.27. Map of the Poco site, 29S1101O ..................................... 1725.28. Map of three excavated circular masonry structures at the Poco site .............. 1725.29. Aerial photograph of the Chetro Ketl field, indicating placement of test trenchesexcavated by Richard Loose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 173viii
6.1. Graph of the drought severity index measured in four-year increments for theChaco area between A.D. 901 and 1201 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1786.2. Composite of masonry types ....................................... 2006.3. Construction labor at great houses by event. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 202604. Mean labor requirements by five-year intervals ........................... 2036.5. Known areas of production of ceramic wares found in Chaco Canyon . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2106.6. Sources of nonlocallithic materials recovered in Chaco Canyon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2137.1. Map of the Headquarters site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2277.2. Map ofBc 236 ................................................ 2287.3. Map ofBc 288, the Gallo Cliff Dwelling ............................... 2297 A. View of Bc 288 nestled inside of a rock shelter ........................... 2307.5. Close view of masonry at Bc 288 .................................... 2307.6. Map of Lizard House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2327.7. Map ofBc 362 ................................................ 2337.8. Map of Leyit Kin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2347.9. Map of 29SJ633 ............................................... 2378.1. Correlation of chronological divisions used by researchers studying the San Juan Basin . 2478.2. Early Pueblo II communities with Chacoan structures ....................... 2488.3. Late Pueblo II communities with Chacoan structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 249804. Early Pueblo III communities with Chacoan structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2508.5. Late Pueblo III communities with Chacoan structures ....................... 2518.6. The Chaco halo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2599.1. Access graphs for Pueblo Bonito during stages IlIA (first and second floors) andVIA (first floor) ............................................... 2949.2. Access graphs for Kin Kletso, stages IA and IE ........................... 29510.1. Richard Wetherill and Navajo in camp behind the north wall of Pueblo Bonito in1896 or 1897 ................................................. 30010.2. General view of Pueblo Bonito and surrounding buildings taken in 1929 from thesouth side of Chaco Canyon. A number of historic structures are visible .......... . 30410.3. A 1929 view from the North Mesa looking across Pueblo Bonito to the Pueblo BonitoLodge, the Chaco Trading Company, and Pueblo del Arroyo ................. . 305lOA. The School of American ResearchlUniversity of New Mexico field-school station10.5.10.6.10.7.10.8.10.9.located on the south side of the Chaco Wash, west of Casa Rinconada ............ .Pueblito 3 at the Doll House site (29SJl613). This is a two-room structure ........ .House 9 at the Doll House site (29SJl613) ............................. .Inscriptions from rock-art files for site 29SJ206 .......................... .Map 1, locating Historic period site components attributable to the Pre-Pueblo Revoltperiod, or prior to 1692 (n= 1) ..................................... .Map 2, locating Historic period site components attributable to the Post-Pueblo Revoltperiod, 1692 to 1753 (n=4) ....................................... .30630730730831231310.10. Map 3, locating Historic period site components attributable to the Pre-Reservationperiod, 1753 to 1868 (n=33) ...................................... . 31410.11. Map 4, locating Historic period site components attributable to the Early Reservationperiod, 1868 to 1880 (n=4) ....................................... . 315ix
Page 1 and 2: - --- - - --~ -----31D / D-9tcCultu
Page 3: --------Culture and Ecology ofChaco
Page 6 and 7: 3. THE PRECERAMIC PERIOD IN CHACO C
Page 8 and 9: History of the Chaco Navajo '" . .
Page 12 and 13: 10.12. Map 5, locating Historic per
Page 14 and 15: -- - -- - ---- ~----- - --B.I. Cera
Page 16 and 17: List of participants in the School
Page 18 and 19: 1971, Robert H. Lister, then at the
Page 20 and 21: Personnel associated with the Chaco
Page 22 and 23: For this volume, lowe special thank
Page 24 and 25: 2 Chaco Project Synthesis50. J •
Page 26 and 27: 4 Chaco Project Synthesisand the fe
Page 28 and 29: 6 Chaco Project Synthesispainted Es
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Page 32 and 33: 10 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 1.
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Page 36 and 37: 14 Chaco Project SynthesisCompariso
Page 38 and 39: 16 Chaco Project SynthesisDuring ex
Page 40 and 41: 18 Chaco Project Synthesisobsidian
Page 43 and 44: Chapter TwoThe Environment and Natu
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Page 47 and 48: Environment and Natural Resources 2
Page 49: Environment and Natural Resources 2
Page 52 and 53: ~~~--~~~~ --30 Chaco Project Synthe
Page 54 and 55: 32 Chaco Project SynthesisA few yea
Page 56 and 57: ------------------------.34 Chaco P
Page 58 and 59: 36 Chaco Project Synthesismeasureme
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38 Chaco Project SynthesisLybrook,
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40 Chaco Project Synthesis
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44 Chaco Project Synthesisflavescen
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46 Chaco Project Synthesisnel prese
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-------48 Chaco Project SynthesisYI
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50 Chaco Project Synthesiswas proba
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52 Chaco Project Synthesis1981 [sic
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901to925950to9751001to10251050to107
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56 Chaco Project Synthesisamined th
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62 Chaco Project Synthesisto the So
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64 Chaco Project SynthesisTable 3.1
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70 Chaco Project Synthesisshallow c
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72 Chaco Project Synthesis..... ~--
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74 Chaco Project Synthesis./-""\I \
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76 Chaco Project Synthesis.. N20 I-
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78 Chaco Project Synthesisthe first
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----------------80 Chaco Project Sy
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84 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 3.
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--------86 Chaco Project Synthesis.
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-------------- ._----------88 Chaco
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90 Chaco Project SynthesisThe secon
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92 Chaco Project SynthesisYears B.P
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94 Chaco Project Synthesispression
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----------------------96 Chaco Proj
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98 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 4.
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--------------------- ~~~~-~~-100 C
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Figure 4.2.Identified Basketmaker I
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ooo00 0o 0 00o 0 0qo000 00 "~""" 0~
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•BftlO€)•••• oI
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Output File Types 115Intensity File
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 111stor
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 113and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 115peop
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 117and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 119Fami
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 121by a
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------- - -----------------Basketma
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--------Basketmaker III to Pueblo I
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Chapter FiveThe Florescence of the
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The Florescence 131ExcavationsData
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------ -- - -- --The Florescence 13
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FP5ooo1
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Plthou •• C~f 8 0 0-: ~oo:~g(_-
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TRASH MOUNDoIoFigure 5.5. Map of 29
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The Florescence 141on-white, and Ga
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The Florescence 143Other Small Hous
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\ I\ II :: \1 I: I a ..\\\ l .-'';~
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II/ffII,II( /IMOOI:AIIaccOSIl(lAC,"
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IffFI//II/IIjI,//III" 1111001:"'"II
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, ,, fI f, If ,I f/ ,"If MCOCR~I A[
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Great No1lh Road J• StoifS.......
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,I MC~t~ij/ ':'.b'_''"'o/!PUEBLO AL
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The Florescence 157Recently Wills (
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The Florescence 159Figure 5.19.Earl
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"I----_\---~~--.-';--_:::::'y',..~f
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The Florescence 163rough-sort metho
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The Florescence 165Ceramics dating
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The Florescence 167Figure 5.24.Alta
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The Florescence 169Bonito phase str
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The Florescence 171Three road-relat
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The Florescence 173Figure 5.29.Aeri
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The Florescence 175construction cou
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Chapter SixThe Classic Adaptation W
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The Classic Adaptation 179were abov
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The Classic Adaptation 181upland ar
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The Classic Adaptation 183Estimated
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The Classic Adaptation 185which are
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Table 6.5. (cont'd.)Population Esti
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Table 6.7. Windes's small-house pop
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--_._-- -------The Classic Adaptati
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The Classic Adaptation 193sp.); buc
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The Classic Adaptation 195e.g., a d
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The Classic Adaptation 197block siz
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The Classic Adaptation 199and fir b
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The Classic Adaptation 201between f
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340 \I,II320 "• I......---5 - Yea
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The Classic Adaptation 205in and ar
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Table 6.8. (cont'd.)FeatureExamples
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The Classic Adaptation 209gested by
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The Classic Adaptation 211Table 6.9
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The Classic Adaptation 213.''-...,,
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The Classic Adaptation 215chalcedon
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Table 6.11. Projected ceramic consu
Page 241 and 242:
The Classic Adaptation 219structure
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The Classic Adaptation 221Bonito, w
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The Classic Adaptation 223number of
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Chapter SevenThe Final Years (A.D.
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117'1[ .....II)...0"'1.111"'tlll~'[
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~ ___The Final Years 229RIR2R3__..i
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The Final Years 2311964) included c
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The Final Years 233, ,o J 2 3METERS
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-- -- - - - - -- - ~- -~-------- -
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_ - ~2 - -1 __ R_4_---J __ R_6_~R3R
Page 261 and 262:
The Final Years 239most often with
Page 263 and 264:
The Final Years 241severe drought f
Page 265 and 266:
The Final Years 243ceramic types, b
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Chapter EightRelated Communities in
Page 269 and 270:
Related Communities 247Calendrical0
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• WALL.ACESKUNK SPRINGS IIIIII ST
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• ESCALANTE.IDA JEAN• WALLACESK
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Related Communities 253(Marshall et
Page 277 and 278:
Related Communities 255foodstuffs k
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Related Communities 257and cupule w
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GWeST. ( )~1 PIERRE'S~I ~.~~ ~ .•
Page 283 and 284:
Related Communities 261possibility
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Related Communities 263by the Red M
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Related Communities 265when the div
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268 Chaco Project Synthesismigrated
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270 Chaco Project Synthesiswas not
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272 Chaco Project SynthesisCanyon r
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274 Chaco Project Synthesisgreater
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276 Chaco Project Synthesislayout,
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278 Chaco Project Synthesisleadersh
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-- -~----280 Chaco Project Synthesi
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282 Chaco Project SynthesisDiscussi
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284 Chaco Project Synthesissedentiz
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286 Chaco Project Synthesis• chan
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288 Chaco Project Synthesiswatered
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290 Chaco Project SynthesisEven ear
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292 Chaco Project Synthesis1954:65)
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294 Chaco Project Synthesisp337123
Page 318 and 319:
296 Chaco Project Synthesisnecessar
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Chapter TenHistoric Period StudiesE
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Historic Period Studies 301control
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Historic Period Studies 303Chaco Pr
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Historic Period Studies 305Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 307Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 309lived in
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Historic Period Studies 311Warburto
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Figure 10.9.Map 2, locating Histori
Page 337 and 338:
Figure 10.11. Map 4, locating Histo
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Figure 10.13. Map 6, locating Histo
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Figure 10.15. Map 8, which combines
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Historic Period Studies 321(_ 29SJI
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Historic Period Studies 323informat
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Historic Period Studies 325as stove
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Historic Period Studies 327them els
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Historic Period Studies 329the case
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Chapter ElevenThe Chaco Project fro
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A Broader Perspective 333Among arch
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A Broader Perspective 335Assuming t
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Table 11.2. Population thresholds i
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A Broader Perspective 339whom fall
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A Broader Perspective 341Table 11.3
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A Broader Perspective 343that is re
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Appendix AExcavated Sites in Chaco
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Table A.1. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.2. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
Page 373 and 374:
Table A.3. Sites excavated or exami
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Table A.3. (cont' d.)Site Name Site
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Table A.4. Sites excavated or exami
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Table AA. (cont'd.)Site Name Site N
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Table A.5. (cont'd.)Site No. Site N
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Table A.S. (cont'd.)5ite No. 5ite N
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Appendix BChronology ChartsThrougho
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Appendix B 365Table B.3. Dominant c
Page 389 and 390:
Table B.4. (cont'd.)Pecos Classific
Page 391 and 392:
Appendix CThe Chaco Synthesis Proje
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Appendix C 371Table C.l. The organi
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Appendix C 373Table C.3. The Chaco
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Appendix C 375Table C.5. Chaco, Mes
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Appendix C 377Table C.7. The capsto
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Appendix C 379Table C.S.In Search o
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382 Chaco Project SynthesisArcheolo
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384 Chaco Project SynthesisBinford,
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386 Chaco Project SynthesisMexico,
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388 Chaco Project SynthesisMonument
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390 Chaco Project SynthesisDoyel, D
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392 Chaco Project SynthesisUniversi
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-~ -- - -- ------394 Chaco Project
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396 Chaco Project SynthesisAmerican
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398 Chaco Project SynthesisMiscella
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400 Chaco Project SynthesisKlausner
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402 Chaco Project SynthesisLoose, R
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404 Chaco Project SynthesisPrice, p
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406 Chaco Project Synthesis1984 The
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408 Chaco Project SynthesisOrtiz, A
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410 Chaco Project SynthesisPsycholo
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412 Chaco Project SynthesisSchoenwe
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414 Chaco Project SynthesisSprague,
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416 Chaco Project Synthesis2000 Mac
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418 Chaco Project Synthesis1970b As
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420 Chaco Project SynthesisWhaley,
Page 444 and 445:
-----------------------422 Chaco Pr
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Indexabandonment, and dispersion, 2
Page 449 and 450:
Index 427bow and arrow, 63, 99Bradf
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Index 429demography: community, mar
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Index 431Hack, J. T., 32Half House,
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Index 433Little Colorado (River) ar
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Index 435population as a system, 33
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Index 437264, and nearest-neighbor
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Index 43929Mc391 structure, 30929SJ
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Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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