Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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22 Chaco Project SynthesisGeologyStudies of the bedrock geology and paleontologyof the Upper Cretaceous (Siemers and King 1974)expand on Schalk and Lyons's description of ChacoCanyon as a contact zone. Upper Cretaceous marinesediments are found in the walls of the canyon, andalso to the north, where are found the Allison Member(shales); the Mesaverde group (which contains PointLookout Sandstone, the Menefee Formation, and CliffHouse Sandstone); Lewis Shale; Pictured CliffSandstone; Fruitland Shales; and the Ojo Alamo andPuerco formations. Badlands, which have littlevegetation, appear in shale deposits. Brand (1937c:55-63) reported that barite, gypsum, aragonite,siderite, and petrified wood are associated withKirtland Shale. Silicified wood, pebbles of redjaspery quartz, brown and gray chert, vein quartz,pink and white quartzite, rhyolite, andesite, felsite,porphyrite, granite, gneiss, schist, and obsidian werefound in the Ojo Alamo Shales. This formation alsocontains limonitic and manganese concretions. Calcitecrystals are present in the Puerco Formation, and theTorrejon Formation contains chert pebbles and quartz.There is a wealth of stone that could be used forconstruction and tool manufacture, as well as forfashioning ornaments and grinding pigments. Alsowithin the Fruitland Formation, various Dinosauria,Chelonia, and Pices fossils occur (Brand 1937c:40-41).In the canyon, Cliff House Sandstone is thepredominant stratum that forms the north wall. Fossilremains in the walls include species belonging to theclasses Gastropoda, Pelecypoda, and Cephalopoda,especially Inoceramus barabini and sharks' teeth(Brand 1937c:40-41; Vann 1931,1942). On the northside of the canyon, the cliff wall rises approximately20 to 30 m to a bench containing shale before risingagain to full height of 85 to 95 m above the canyonbottom (Siemers and King 1974). Several re-entrantscut the cliff and funnel water into the canyon duringinfrequent rain storms. Water from the top of theNorth Mesa, however, flows toward the EscavadaWash. On the south side of the canyon, Chacra Mesais from 91.5 to 152.4 m high, dips to the north, andis broken by several gaps (e.g., Vicente Wash, whichenters the Chaco near Fajada Butte and South Gap).These shallow drainage systems move alluviumintermittently toward the Chaco Wash. This combinationof runoff from re-entrants from the northerncliff walls and the southern washes brings additionalwater to the canyon bottom that helps alleviate someconstraints in an environment that is covered withsparse vegetation and receives minimal rainfall foragricultural production (Gillespie 1985; R. Powers etal. 1983; Schelberg 1982a; Gwinn Vivian 1990).Four species of fossils recorded by Siemers andKing (1974; see also Vann 1931, 1942) indicate minorregressions and transgressions of the UpperCretaceous shoreline in Chaco Canyon. Some fossilsare bivalves found today in depths of marine waters;others are found only in shallow marine environments;a few represent intertidal zones. The several freshwaterand brackish-water gastropods suggestproximity to a m~or fresh-water influx and estuarineconditions. Siemers and King interpreted this torepresent changes in the shoreline of an ancient lake.They concluded that the Cliff House Sandstone wasprobably a one-time barrier beach front during ashoreline standstill before it migrated farther south.Siemers and King (1974:270) also examined theclay mineralogy of the Menefee Formation, CliffHouse Sandstone, Lewis Shale, and Pictured CliffsSandstone. Clay from the Lewis Shale contains calcareousconcretions; the minerals are predominantly aNa-montmorillonite, with some illite, a mixed layer ofillite-montmorillonite, and a little kaolinite. Concretionsin the Menefee Formation include siderite andcaIcite- and barite-bearing materials. D. Love(1977b:Table 11; 1980) would use these data tocharacterize soil composition that originates in theupper wash versus that from side washes draining intothe canyon. Understanding the Chaco Basin, therefore,is relevant to understanding Chaco Canyon.To initiate studies of the Chaco Basin,DeAngelis (1971, 1972) assessed the availableliterature and found that 18 studies were morepertinent for a regional overview than specific to theregion. He divided the Chaco Basin into 19 subbasins(Figure 2.1) and examined the drainage pattern on alarge scale. He found no true dendritic pattern aswould be expected in a hasin developed on nearly flatlying,sedimentary rocks. Instead, there is considerableevidence for structural control, and threeanomalies become apparent:
-- --------------------- --------Environment and Natural Resources 23-,--------------------,--: COLORADO·• .JI,/f•I•I •I •I11•I•J•I14.,•Ii1•I •I0 20SCALd 'MILES NiFigure 2.1.Map of the 19 subbasins of the Chaco Basin. 1) Pajarito-Dead Man's Wash; 2) Coal Wash;3) Cottonwood Arroyo; 4) Pinabete Arroyo; 5) Sanostee-Tocito Wash; 6) Theodore Wash;7) Captain Tom-Tuntsa Wash; 8) Brimhall Wash; 9) Hunter Wash; 10) Sheep Spring Wash;11) Coyote Wash; 12) Indian Wash; 13) De-na-zin Wash; 14) Kimenola Wash; 15)Escavada Wash; 16) Gallo Wash; 17) Fajada Wash; 18) Canada Alemita Wash; and 19)Canada Alamos-Corrales. (Taken from DeAngelis 1972:Figure 6.)
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Page 3: --------Culture and Ecology ofChaco
Page 6 and 7: 3. THE PRECERAMIC PERIOD IN CHACO C
Page 8 and 9: History of the Chaco Navajo '" . .
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Page 12 and 13: 10.12. Map 5, locating Historic per
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Page 16 and 17: List of participants in the School
Page 18 and 19: 1971, Robert H. Lister, then at the
Page 20 and 21: Personnel associated with the Chaco
Page 22 and 23: For this volume, lowe special thank
Page 24 and 25: 2 Chaco Project Synthesis50. J •
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Page 32 and 33: 10 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 1.
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Page 36 and 37: 14 Chaco Project SynthesisCompariso
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Page 43: Chapter TwoThe Environment and Natu
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Page 49: Environment and Natural Resources 2
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Page 54 and 55: 32 Chaco Project SynthesisA few yea
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Page 84 and 85: 62 Chaco Project Synthesisto the So
Page 86 and 87: 64 Chaco Project SynthesisTable 3.1
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72 Chaco Project Synthesis..... ~--
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74 Chaco Project Synthesis./-""\I \
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76 Chaco Project Synthesis.. N20 I-
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78 Chaco Project Synthesisthe first
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----------------80 Chaco Project Sy
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84 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 3.
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--------86 Chaco Project Synthesis.
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-------------- ._----------88 Chaco
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90 Chaco Project SynthesisThe secon
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92 Chaco Project SynthesisYears B.P
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94 Chaco Project Synthesispression
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----------------------96 Chaco Proj
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98 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 4.
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--------------------- ~~~~-~~-100 C
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Figure 4.2.Identified Basketmaker I
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ooo00 0o 0 00o 0 0qo000 00 "~""" 0~
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•BftlO€)•••• oI
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Output File Types 115Intensity File
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 111stor
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 113and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 115peop
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 117and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 119Fami
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 121by a
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------- - -----------------Basketma
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--------Basketmaker III to Pueblo I
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Chapter FiveThe Florescence of the
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The Florescence 131ExcavationsData
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------ -- - -- --The Florescence 13
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FP5ooo1
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Plthou •• C~f 8 0 0-: ~oo:~g(_-
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TRASH MOUNDoIoFigure 5.5. Map of 29
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The Florescence 141on-white, and Ga
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The Florescence 143Other Small Hous
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\ I\ II :: \1 I: I a ..\\\ l .-'';~
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II/ffII,II( /IMOOI:AIIaccOSIl(lAC,"
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IffFI//II/IIjI,//III" 1111001:"'"II
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, ,, fI f, If ,I f/ ,"If MCOCR~I A[
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Great No1lh Road J• StoifS.......
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,I MC~t~ij/ ':'.b'_''"'o/!PUEBLO AL
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The Florescence 157Recently Wills (
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The Florescence 159Figure 5.19.Earl
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"I----_\---~~--.-';--_:::::'y',..~f
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The Florescence 163rough-sort metho
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The Florescence 165Ceramics dating
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The Florescence 167Figure 5.24.Alta
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The Florescence 169Bonito phase str
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The Florescence 171Three road-relat
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The Florescence 173Figure 5.29.Aeri
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The Florescence 175construction cou
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Chapter SixThe Classic Adaptation W
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The Classic Adaptation 179were abov
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The Classic Adaptation 181upland ar
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The Classic Adaptation 183Estimated
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The Classic Adaptation 185which are
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Table 6.5. (cont'd.)Population Esti
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Table 6.7. Windes's small-house pop
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--_._-- -------The Classic Adaptati
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The Classic Adaptation 193sp.); buc
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The Classic Adaptation 195e.g., a d
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The Classic Adaptation 197block siz
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The Classic Adaptation 199and fir b
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The Classic Adaptation 201between f
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340 \I,II320 "• I......---5 - Yea
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The Classic Adaptation 205in and ar
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Table 6.8. (cont'd.)FeatureExamples
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The Classic Adaptation 209gested by
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The Classic Adaptation 211Table 6.9
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The Classic Adaptation 213.''-...,,
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The Classic Adaptation 215chalcedon
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Table 6.11. Projected ceramic consu
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The Classic Adaptation 219structure
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The Classic Adaptation 221Bonito, w
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The Classic Adaptation 223number of
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Chapter SevenThe Final Years (A.D.
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117'1[ .....II)...0"'1.111"'tlll~'[
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~ ___The Final Years 229RIR2R3__..i
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The Final Years 2311964) included c
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The Final Years 233, ,o J 2 3METERS
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-- -- - - - - -- - ~- -~-------- -
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_ - ~2 - -1 __ R_4_---J __ R_6_~R3R
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The Final Years 239most often with
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The Final Years 241severe drought f
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The Final Years 243ceramic types, b
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Chapter EightRelated Communities in
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Related Communities 247Calendrical0
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• WALL.ACESKUNK SPRINGS IIIIII ST
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• ESCALANTE.IDA JEAN• WALLACESK
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Related Communities 253(Marshall et
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Related Communities 255foodstuffs k
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Related Communities 257and cupule w
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GWeST. ( )~1 PIERRE'S~I ~.~~ ~ .•
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Related Communities 261possibility
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Related Communities 263by the Red M
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Related Communities 265when the div
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268 Chaco Project Synthesismigrated
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270 Chaco Project Synthesiswas not
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272 Chaco Project SynthesisCanyon r
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274 Chaco Project Synthesisgreater
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276 Chaco Project Synthesislayout,
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278 Chaco Project Synthesisleadersh
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-- -~----280 Chaco Project Synthesi
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282 Chaco Project SynthesisDiscussi
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284 Chaco Project Synthesissedentiz
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286 Chaco Project Synthesis• chan
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288 Chaco Project Synthesiswatered
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290 Chaco Project SynthesisEven ear
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292 Chaco Project Synthesis1954:65)
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294 Chaco Project Synthesisp337123
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296 Chaco Project Synthesisnecessar
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Chapter TenHistoric Period StudiesE
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Historic Period Studies 301control
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Historic Period Studies 303Chaco Pr
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Historic Period Studies 305Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 307Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 309lived in
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Historic Period Studies 311Warburto
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Figure 10.9.Map 2, locating Histori
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Figure 10.11. Map 4, locating Histo
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Figure 10.13. Map 6, locating Histo
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Figure 10.15. Map 8, which combines
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Historic Period Studies 321(_ 29SJI
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Historic Period Studies 323informat
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Historic Period Studies 325as stove
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Historic Period Studies 327them els
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Historic Period Studies 329the case
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Chapter ElevenThe Chaco Project fro
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A Broader Perspective 333Among arch
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A Broader Perspective 335Assuming t
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Table 11.2. Population thresholds i
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A Broader Perspective 339whom fall
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A Broader Perspective 341Table 11.3
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A Broader Perspective 343that is re
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Appendix AExcavated Sites in Chaco
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Table A.1. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.2. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.3. Sites excavated or exami
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Table A.3. (cont' d.)Site Name Site
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Table A.4. Sites excavated or exami
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Table AA. (cont'd.)Site Name Site N
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Table A.5. (cont'd.)Site No. Site N
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Table A.S. (cont'd.)5ite No. 5ite N
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Appendix BChronology ChartsThrougho
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Appendix B 365Table B.3. Dominant c
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Table B.4. (cont'd.)Pecos Classific
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Appendix CThe Chaco Synthesis Proje
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Appendix C 371Table C.l. The organi
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Appendix C 373Table C.3. The Chaco
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Appendix C 375Table C.5. Chaco, Mes
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Appendix C 377Table C.7. The capsto
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Appendix C 379Table C.S.In Search o
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382 Chaco Project SynthesisArcheolo
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384 Chaco Project SynthesisBinford,
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386 Chaco Project SynthesisMexico,
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388 Chaco Project SynthesisMonument
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390 Chaco Project SynthesisDoyel, D
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392 Chaco Project SynthesisUniversi
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-~ -- - -- ------394 Chaco Project
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396 Chaco Project SynthesisAmerican
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398 Chaco Project SynthesisMiscella
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400 Chaco Project SynthesisKlausner
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402 Chaco Project SynthesisLoose, R
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404 Chaco Project SynthesisPrice, p
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406 Chaco Project Synthesis1984 The
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408 Chaco Project SynthesisOrtiz, A
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410 Chaco Project SynthesisPsycholo
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412 Chaco Project SynthesisSchoenwe
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414 Chaco Project SynthesisSprague,
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416 Chaco Project Synthesis2000 Mac
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418 Chaco Project Synthesis1970b As
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420 Chaco Project SynthesisWhaley,
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-----------------------422 Chaco Pr
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Indexabandonment, and dispersion, 2
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Index 427bow and arrow, 63, 99Bradf
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Index 429demography: community, mar
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Index 431Hack, J. T., 32Half House,
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Index 433Little Colorado (River) ar
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Index 435population as a system, 33
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Index 437264, and nearest-neighbor
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Index 43929Mc391 structure, 30929SJ
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Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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