Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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428 Chaco Project Synthesis219, 291; fields, 27, 173, 360, and datable clay,46; great house, 16, 157-160, 275, andstructures, 127, 198, 199, and relation to smallsites, 128; road-related features, 152, 154,275;trash, 201; water control, 182Chimney Rock (Colorado), 222Christaller model, 272Christian comparison, 271chronology, 366-367; techniques for:archaeomagnetic, 16-17,27-28, 106, 143, 171,174, 182,226, ceramic, 17,24, 106, 143, 181,363-366, dendrochronologic (tree-ring dating),6, 16,52-53,55,97, 101, 119, 152, 157, 159,163, 181, 199, 273, 276, 301, 309,radiocarbon, 17,28,46,48, 82, 89, 90; PecosClassification, 4, 128, 246, 368; sequence foroutliers, 246. See aLso periods and phasesseparately by nameChuska-Chaco cultural comparison, 246Chuska Mountains: imports from, 157; ceramicsources, 239, 253, 288, and wood sources, 57,160; location, 1, 32, and visibility, 165;preceramic sites, 95Chuska Valley: as regional, 122-123, 261, 263;ceramics, 252; great house (Skunk Springs),247,253,287; soils, 37Cibola ceramic series (Cibola White Ware), 17,238-239,246,252, 260Clary, Karen Husum, 192, 193Classic Bonito phase, 128, 157, 193, 197, 208,215-216, 263Classic period: dates, 127-128, 174, and divisions,128, 129, 262-263; ceramics, 209-212; diet,192; models, 281; sites 226. See also Bonitophase of Anasaziclay, 22, 25, 26, 35, 46; refiring, 209Cliff House Sandstone (Formation), 22, 64, 129, 185climatological factors. See environmentClovis points, 93Cly's Canyon: preceramic, 64, 69, 70; roads, 152;water, 154, 173, 181, 185Cochise culture, 24, 62Cody complex, 61, 63, 93Colorado (comparisons), 62, 116, 123, 125,291,296Colorado Plateau: as a region, 342; climate, 32, 55,119-120, and com growing, 95-96; diet, 193;location, 1Comanche encounters, 309communication, 165-171, 257, 286. See also roadsegmentscommunity, defining Chacoan, 282-283; formation,130, and development, 246-252, 254, 338, 340,and renewal, 242; shift in location of larger,100. See also settlementconstruction: above-ground, 100, 138; adobe, 12,257; basketmaker, 112, 121; core-and-veneer,269; great house, 185, 198-205,208; labor for,16, 157, 185, 201, 204-205, 270, 274;linear/curvilinear, 122, 129, 199; Mesoamerican,269, 270; offerings, 138, 218-219;outlier, 245, 246, 254, 256, 257, 260;preplanned, 141, 156-157; puebloan, 112, 121,122, 129, and remodeled, 112; rain patternsand, 277-279; resources for, 22, 185; smallhouse, 196-198,208; variability of, 134; woodfor, 50-51, 57, 115, 116, 127, 157, 159, 160,215,253,288, and reuse of wood, 16, 159. Seealso architecture; masonryCoolidge Corrugated pottery, 129Cooper, Laurel Martine, 205, 221, 292-293coprolites, 192-193, 194Corbett, John Maxwell, 301, 303Cordell, Linda S., 123cosmology, 264. See also astronomy; ideologycostumbre, 218council house, 219craft specialization. See activities, specializedCrotty, Helen K., 292, 296Crotty, Jay, 220Crown, Patricia L., and W. H. Wills, 291Crownpoint, New Mexico, 113Cully, Anne C., plant list by, 41; on sampling, 16;and with others, on land availability, 257Cully, Anne C., and Jack F. Cully, Jr., 42, 59Cully, Anne C., and Mollie S. Toll, 130, 180-181,183,310Cully, Jack F., 44, 45cultural ecology, 272. See also settlement; socialorganizationcultural interaction. See populationscultural periods. See separatelycultural change. See subsistence strategiesDam, William L., 35Dean, Jeffrey S., on paleoclimate, 55-56; and withothers, on climate, 59, 119, 285, 289, 296Dean, Jeffrey S., and Richard L. Warren, on wooduse, 157, 159-160DeAngelis, James M., 22, 24, 30, 31, 58decision making. See leadership
Index 429demography: community, marriage, and boundaries,282, 324; craniometric studies, 264, 268; genderin society, 286, 322, 334-335, 338; historic,310. See also popUlationsdiet and health: agriculture and, 180-185; cooking,62, 124, 193; corn as supplemental, 95;discussion, 192-193; early diet, 113-115, andlater, 238, 289; wild plants, 42, 63DiPeso, Charles C., 209, 267-268Dittert, Alfred E., Jr., et. aI., 61Dogoszhi style of pottery decoration, 290, 291Doll House site, 307, 311, 320-322, 328Dolores Project, 52Dolores River Valley, 284Doyel, David E., and Stephen H. Lekson, 282Doyel, David E., et. aI., on great/small sites, 257Dozier, Edward P., 342Drager, Dwight L., 188, 190drought: an index for measuring, 52-53, and patternsof 119-120, 177 -179; paleoenvironmentaldrying, 46-47, 51-52, 55, and early aridity, 93;eleventh century, 152, 179, 182, 263; twelfthcentury, 6, 182,241,242,244,255,261,273,276,296, and later, 241, 296DuBois, Robert, 16Durand, Stephen R., 264Durand, Stephen R., and Kathy Roler Durand, 256Durango, Colorado, 296Dutton, Bertha P., 226Dutton Plateau, 252Ebert, James I., and Robert K. Hitchcock, 245ecology, 331, and the human place in, 332; regionalmodels, 254-255, 272-79, and hinge points,285-286; subsistence zones, 333. See alsoenvironmentegalitarians: household size, 333; social organization,338Eleanor ruin, 256Elliott, Michael Lee, 79, 91Ellis, Florence H., 219. See also Hawley, FlorenceElmore, Francis H., 37El Penasco, 323El Rito outlier, 247En Medio phase Oshara, 63, 82,93-95, 122En Medio rockshelter, 61environment, 8; carrying capacity, 289, 336-339;climate change, 31-34, and reconstructing,45-59, 61, 119-125; geographic constraints,278, 284, 289, 335, 336, 338, expansion, 332,and contraction, 335; effective temperaturemeasuring, 332, and threshold change, 333;mapping, 12-14; microhabitat, 343; outlier,252-253, 261-262; populations in habitats,261-262, 336-339; resource ownership, 338;semidesert scrub, 332, 342-343; steppe, 32. Seealso alluviation; ecology; fauna; flora;precipitation; waterEscalante ruin, 254Escavada Black-on-white pottery, 129, 131,226Escavada Wash: location and drainage, 1, 22, 24, 31,258; sites along or near, 101, 255, 257, 275,and agriculture, 183, and water control, 125,173; historic use, 324, 325; water resources,154, 185ethnographic analogy, 7, 156, 267. See also Historicperiodethnography, and ceremony, 221-222; and society,322; of horticulturalists, 339-342. See alsoHistoric periodethnohi story , 309, 311, 324, 327. See also HistoricperiodEuler, Robert C., et. aI., 33, 55, 119European comparison, 332Euro-American use of Chaco Canyon, 311. See alsoAnglo-American components; Spanishcomponentsexcavation, 4, 14-16, and mapping, 11-12exchange threshold, 338Fagan, Brian, 369Fajada Butte, canyon floor at, 31; observatory on,220; visibility of, 257Fajada Butte community, 106, 129, 131, 165, 198,208. See also Fajada Gap communityFajadaGapcommunity, 100, 191, 195,288. SeealsoFajada Butte communityFajada Wash: aggradation, 31; south fork site, 101,118Fanale, Rosalie, 12, 327-328Farabee, William C., 193,235Farmer, Malcolm F., 301fauna: basketmaker and puebloan use, 114-115, 157,183-184, 192, 226, 235, 236, 289, and shift,276; burned bone, 70,82,114; eastward shift offauna, 61; exotic, 134; extinct, 24, and paleofauna,78, 82, 89, 93, 94; freshwater aquatic,36, 47, 70; gatherers' relationships, 333-335,336, 343; overview, 43-45, and pack ratmiddens, 48-52; ritual use, 218-219, 285, 291
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- --- - - --~ -----31D / D-9tcCultu
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--------Culture and Ecology ofChaco
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3. THE PRECERAMIC PERIOD IN CHACO C
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History of the Chaco Navajo '" . .
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~~~-------3.21. Overview of Sheep C
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10.12. Map 5, locating Historic per
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-- - -- - ---- ~----- - --B.I. Cera
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List of participants in the School
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1971, Robert H. Lister, then at the
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Personnel associated with the Chaco
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For this volume, lowe special thank
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2 Chaco Project Synthesis50. J •
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4 Chaco Project Synthesisand the fe
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6 Chaco Project Synthesispainted Es
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10 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 1.
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14 Chaco Project SynthesisCompariso
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16 Chaco Project SynthesisDuring ex
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18 Chaco Project Synthesisobsidian
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Chapter TwoThe Environment and Natu
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Environment and Natural Resources 2
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Environment and Natural Resources 2
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~~~--~~~~ --30 Chaco Project Synthe
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32 Chaco Project SynthesisA few yea
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------------------------.34 Chaco P
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36 Chaco Project Synthesismeasureme
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38 Chaco Project SynthesisLybrook,
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40 Chaco Project Synthesis
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44 Chaco Project Synthesisflavescen
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46 Chaco Project Synthesisnel prese
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-------48 Chaco Project SynthesisYI
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50 Chaco Project Synthesiswas proba
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52 Chaco Project Synthesis1981 [sic
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901to925950to9751001to10251050to107
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56 Chaco Project Synthesisamined th
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62 Chaco Project Synthesisto the So
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64 Chaco Project SynthesisTable 3.1
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70 Chaco Project Synthesisshallow c
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72 Chaco Project Synthesis..... ~--
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74 Chaco Project Synthesis./-""\I \
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76 Chaco Project Synthesis.. N20 I-
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78 Chaco Project Synthesisthe first
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----------------80 Chaco Project Sy
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--------86 Chaco Project Synthesis.
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-------------- ._----------88 Chaco
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90 Chaco Project SynthesisThe secon
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92 Chaco Project SynthesisYears B.P
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94 Chaco Project Synthesispression
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----------------------96 Chaco Proj
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--------------------- ~~~~-~~-100 C
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Figure 4.2.Identified Basketmaker I
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ooo00 0o 0 00o 0 0qo000 00 "~""" 0~
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•BftlO€)•••• oI
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Output File Types 115Intensity File
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 111stor
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 113and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 115peop
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 117and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 119Fami
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 121by a
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--------Basketmaker III to Pueblo I
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Chapter FiveThe Florescence of the
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The Florescence 131ExcavationsData
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------ -- - -- --The Florescence 13
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FP5ooo1
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Plthou •• C~f 8 0 0-: ~oo:~g(_-
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TRASH MOUNDoIoFigure 5.5. Map of 29
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The Florescence 141on-white, and Ga
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The Florescence 143Other Small Hous
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\ I\ II :: \1 I: I a ..\\\ l .-'';~
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II/ffII,II( /IMOOI:AIIaccOSIl(lAC,"
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IffFI//II/IIjI,//III" 1111001:"'"II
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, ,, fI f, If ,I f/ ,"If MCOCR~I A[
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Great No1lh Road J• StoifS.......
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,I MC~t~ij/ ':'.b'_''"'o/!PUEBLO AL
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The Florescence 157Recently Wills (
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The Florescence 159Figure 5.19.Earl
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"I----_\---~~--.-';--_:::::'y',..~f
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The Florescence 163rough-sort metho
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The Florescence 165Ceramics dating
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The Florescence 167Figure 5.24.Alta
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The Florescence 169Bonito phase str
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The Florescence 171Three road-relat
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The Florescence 173Figure 5.29.Aeri
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The Florescence 175construction cou
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Chapter SixThe Classic Adaptation W
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The Classic Adaptation 179were abov
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The Classic Adaptation 181upland ar
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The Classic Adaptation 183Estimated
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The Classic Adaptation 185which are
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Table 6.5. (cont'd.)Population Esti
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Table 6.7. Windes's small-house pop
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--_._-- -------The Classic Adaptati
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The Classic Adaptation 193sp.); buc
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The Classic Adaptation 195e.g., a d
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The Classic Adaptation 197block siz
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The Classic Adaptation 199and fir b
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The Classic Adaptation 201between f
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340 \I,II320 "• I......---5 - Yea
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The Classic Adaptation 205in and ar
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Table 6.8. (cont'd.)FeatureExamples
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The Classic Adaptation 209gested by
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The Classic Adaptation 211Table 6.9
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The Classic Adaptation 213.''-...,,
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The Classic Adaptation 215chalcedon
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Table 6.11. Projected ceramic consu
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The Classic Adaptation 219structure
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The Classic Adaptation 221Bonito, w
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The Classic Adaptation 223number of
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Chapter SevenThe Final Years (A.D.
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117'1[ .....II)...0"'1.111"'tlll~'[
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~ ___The Final Years 229RIR2R3__..i
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The Final Years 2311964) included c
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The Final Years 233, ,o J 2 3METERS
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-- -- - - - - -- - ~- -~-------- -
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_ - ~2 - -1 __ R_4_---J __ R_6_~R3R
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The Final Years 239most often with
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The Final Years 241severe drought f
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The Final Years 243ceramic types, b
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Chapter EightRelated Communities in
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Related Communities 247Calendrical0
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• WALL.ACESKUNK SPRINGS IIIIII ST
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• ESCALANTE.IDA JEAN• WALLACESK
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Related Communities 253(Marshall et
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Related Communities 255foodstuffs k
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Related Communities 257and cupule w
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GWeST. ( )~1 PIERRE'S~I ~.~~ ~ .•
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Related Communities 261possibility
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Related Communities 263by the Red M
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Related Communities 265when the div
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268 Chaco Project Synthesismigrated
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270 Chaco Project Synthesiswas not
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272 Chaco Project SynthesisCanyon r
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274 Chaco Project Synthesisgreater
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276 Chaco Project Synthesislayout,
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278 Chaco Project Synthesisleadersh
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-- -~----280 Chaco Project Synthesi
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282 Chaco Project SynthesisDiscussi
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284 Chaco Project Synthesissedentiz
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286 Chaco Project Synthesis• chan
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288 Chaco Project Synthesiswatered
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290 Chaco Project SynthesisEven ear
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292 Chaco Project Synthesis1954:65)
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294 Chaco Project Synthesisp337123
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296 Chaco Project Synthesisnecessar
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Chapter TenHistoric Period StudiesE
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Historic Period Studies 301control
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Historic Period Studies 303Chaco Pr
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Historic Period Studies 305Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 307Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 309lived in
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Historic Period Studies 311Warburto
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Figure 10.9.Map 2, locating Histori
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Figure 10.11. Map 4, locating Histo
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Figure 10.13. Map 6, locating Histo
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Figure 10.15. Map 8, which combines
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Historic Period Studies 321(_ 29SJI
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Historic Period Studies 323informat
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Historic Period Studies 325as stove
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Historic Period Studies 327them els
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Historic Period Studies 329the case
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Chapter ElevenThe Chaco Project fro
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A Broader Perspective 333Among arch
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A Broader Perspective 335Assuming t
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Table 11.2. Population thresholds i
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A Broader Perspective 339whom fall
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A Broader Perspective 341Table 11.3
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A Broader Perspective 343that is re
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Appendix AExcavated Sites in Chaco
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Table A.1. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.2. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.3. Sites excavated or exami
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Table A.3. (cont' d.)Site Name Site
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Table A.4. Sites excavated or exami
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Table AA. (cont'd.)Site Name Site N
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Table A.5. (cont'd.)Site No. Site N
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Table A.S. (cont'd.)5ite No. 5ite N
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Appendix BChronology ChartsThrougho
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Appendix B 365Table B.3. Dominant c
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Table B.4. (cont'd.)Pecos Classific
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Appendix CThe Chaco Synthesis Proje
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Appendix C 371Table C.l. The organi
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Appendix C 373Table C.3. The Chaco
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Appendix C 375Table C.5. Chaco, Mes
Page 399 and 400: Appendix C 377Table C.7. The capsto
Page 401: Appendix C 379Table C.S.In Search o
Page 404 and 405: 382 Chaco Project SynthesisArcheolo
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Page 408 and 409: 386 Chaco Project SynthesisMexico,
Page 410 and 411: 388 Chaco Project SynthesisMonument
Page 412 and 413: 390 Chaco Project SynthesisDoyel, D
Page 414 and 415: 392 Chaco Project SynthesisUniversi
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Page 418 and 419: 396 Chaco Project SynthesisAmerican
Page 420 and 421: 398 Chaco Project SynthesisMiscella
Page 422 and 423: 400 Chaco Project SynthesisKlausner
Page 424 and 425: 402 Chaco Project SynthesisLoose, R
Page 426 and 427: 404 Chaco Project SynthesisPrice, p
Page 428 and 429: 406 Chaco Project Synthesis1984 The
Page 430 and 431: 408 Chaco Project SynthesisOrtiz, A
Page 432 and 433: 410 Chaco Project SynthesisPsycholo
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Page 436 and 437: 414 Chaco Project SynthesisSprague,
Page 438 and 439: 416 Chaco Project Synthesis2000 Mac
Page 440 and 441: 418 Chaco Project Synthesis1970b As
Page 442 and 443: 420 Chaco Project SynthesisWhaley,
Page 444 and 445: -----------------------422 Chaco Pr
Page 447 and 448: Indexabandonment, and dispersion, 2
Page 449: Index 427bow and arrow, 63, 99Bradf
Page 453 and 454: Index 431Hack, J. T., 32Half House,
Page 455 and 456: Index 433Little Colorado (River) ar
Page 457 and 458: Index 435population as a system, 33
Page 459 and 460: Index 437264, and nearest-neighbor
Page 461 and 462: Index 43929Mc391 structure, 30929SJ
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