Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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Figure 10.1.Richard Wetherill and Navajo in camp behind the north wall of Pueblo Bonito in 1896 or 1897. (Courtesy ofthe American Museum of Natural History; Chaco Culture NHP Museum Archive, no. 52561.)
Historic Period Studies 301control systems used by Rafael, Dan Cly, and TomChischilly-begay; he mapped their fields in relation toa drainage from which each captured water. Lowearth ridges, check dams, and natural features guidedstorm waters from higher areas into the garden plots.Additionally, abandoned hogan sites and formergarden plots gave testimony that there had previouslybeen more Navajo families living in the area (Judd1954:53).Judd (1954:343) reported on other historic useofthe canyon by two cattle companies-the CarlisleCattle Company, and the LC. Their use areas werebetween Hosta Butte and the San Juan River in 1879.Before 1895, the stone buildings that were part of theLC Chaco headquarters near Penasco Blanco werebeing used by Old WeIIo, and details about these twocompanies had faded from memory. Judd (1954:58and Plate 1) also indicated that the reservoir locatedjust southeast of Pueblo Bonito and the canal dug onthe north side of the Chaco Wash by Wetherill in 1902were part of the requirements for the Wetherillhomestead.During the SARIUNM/MNM research in ChacoCanyon, Bloom (1921) summarized historicaldocuments on Chaco Canyon; Brand (1937a) added tothis preliminary work. Hewett (1922: 119) noted that"there were numerous cysts, vaults and pits for whichwe have little precedent" as one of seven "surprises"he encountered during the 1921 field season, yet hesaid nothing about Navajo use of Chetro Ketl. Inaddition to archaeological investigations, the SARIUNM field schools studied language, culture, andarchitecture. In 1929, several students assisted JohnHarrington in a study of the Zuni language; JanetTietjens (1929) collected place names that includedSpanish, Navajo, and Zuni derivations for the largerpueblos and some of the more prominent landmarks inthe area. From 1933 through 1942, several fieldschoolprofessors (Clyde Kluckhohn, Malcolm Bissell,and Leland Wyman) lectured on Navajo culture ordirected research by field-school students on specifictopics (Brugge 1980). Archaeological studies ofNavajo hogans in the area were carried out byMalcolm (1939), Corbett (1940), and Farmer (1942).Several types of construction were recorded (e.g.,forked-stick, cribbed-log, circular-stone-wall), as wellas camps, fortified sites, ramadas, sweat houses, leantos,caches, burials, dance grounds, ovens, trashdumps, and petroglyphs. Unfortunately, none of theseresearchers combined the archaeological and historicalrecords in a comprehensive review.Prior to 1969, the most extensive, but unpublished,study that combines historical accounts andarchaeological data is that of Gwinn Vivian (1960).He conducted archaeological survey and excavationsto expand knowledge of Navajo sites in the area.Vivian obtained tree-ring samples that provided 25dendrochronological dates from five sites (Vivian1960:154). He compared his historical data forNavajo, Pueblo, and Spanish with archaeological data.He concluded that although historical documents indicatebrief encounters between Spanish and nomadicpeoples in New Mexico, some of whom could beNavajo, between 1582 and 1609, there was no positiveproof of their presence in the archaeological record.Between 1609 and 1680, however, documents indicateNavajo raids on Pueblo settlements and reprisalsresulting from these actions. There was some indicationof agricultural practices. From 1680 to 1704, theperiod of the Pueblo Revolt and reconquest, a numberof people from Jemez and Keres pueblos sought refugewith the Navajo, while inhabitants of Cochiti Puebloactually received com from the Navajo during times ofcrisis. Thus, during the seventeenth century, it waslikely that the Navajo were well settled into the SanJuan River drainages. Several districts were probablyunited under local leaders, but there was no unificationinto a larger entity. The Gobemador area, whichis known as a "Refugee" area, lacks archaeologicalevidence of Pueblo people until about 1700. A fewsites contain Navajo Dinetah utility ware. In theChacra and Big Bead Mesa areas, there are nodefensive sites or defensive architecture.From 1705 through 1716, Navajo raids on theRio Grande increased; Ute and Comanche attacked theNavajo; and Spanish troops began to penetrate Navajocountry, where they decimated crops and capturedpeople in retribution. Peaceful coexistence betweenSpanish and Navajo existed between 1717 and 1750.There is documentation of Navajo moving into theCebolleta area, only seven leagues from LagunaPueblo. A number of Navajo became Christians as aresult of missionary efforts in the area between SantaAna and Santa Clara pueblos. By 1750, a number ofmissions had been established; those at Cebolletafailed. Spanish homesteaders also entered the area and
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--------Culture and Ecology ofChaco
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3. THE PRECERAMIC PERIOD IN CHACO C
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History of the Chaco Navajo '" . .
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~~~-------3.21. Overview of Sheep C
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10.12. Map 5, locating Historic per
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-- - -- - ---- ~----- - --B.I. Cera
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List of participants in the School
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1971, Robert H. Lister, then at the
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Personnel associated with the Chaco
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For this volume, lowe special thank
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2 Chaco Project Synthesis50. J •
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4 Chaco Project Synthesisand the fe
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6 Chaco Project Synthesispainted Es
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10 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 1.
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14 Chaco Project SynthesisCompariso
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16 Chaco Project SynthesisDuring ex
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18 Chaco Project Synthesisobsidian
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Chapter TwoThe Environment and Natu
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Environment and Natural Resources 2
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Environment and Natural Resources 2
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~~~--~~~~ --30 Chaco Project Synthe
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32 Chaco Project SynthesisA few yea
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------------------------.34 Chaco P
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36 Chaco Project Synthesismeasureme
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38 Chaco Project SynthesisLybrook,
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40 Chaco Project Synthesis
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44 Chaco Project Synthesisflavescen
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46 Chaco Project Synthesisnel prese
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-------48 Chaco Project SynthesisYI
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50 Chaco Project Synthesiswas proba
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52 Chaco Project Synthesis1981 [sic
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901to925950to9751001to10251050to107
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56 Chaco Project Synthesisamined th
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62 Chaco Project Synthesisto the So
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64 Chaco Project SynthesisTable 3.1
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70 Chaco Project Synthesisshallow c
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72 Chaco Project Synthesis..... ~--
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74 Chaco Project Synthesis./-""\I \
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76 Chaco Project Synthesis.. N20 I-
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78 Chaco Project Synthesisthe first
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----------------80 Chaco Project Sy
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--------86 Chaco Project Synthesis.
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-------------- ._----------88 Chaco
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90 Chaco Project SynthesisThe secon
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92 Chaco Project SynthesisYears B.P
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94 Chaco Project Synthesispression
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----------------------96 Chaco Proj
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--------------------- ~~~~-~~-100 C
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Figure 4.2.Identified Basketmaker I
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ooo00 0o 0 00o 0 0qo000 00 "~""" 0~
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•BftlO€)•••• oI
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Output File Types 115Intensity File
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 111stor
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 113and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 115peop
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 117and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 119Fami
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 121by a
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------- - -----------------Basketma
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--------Basketmaker III to Pueblo I
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Chapter FiveThe Florescence of the
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The Florescence 131ExcavationsData
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------ -- - -- --The Florescence 13
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FP5ooo1
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Plthou •• C~f 8 0 0-: ~oo:~g(_-
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TRASH MOUNDoIoFigure 5.5. Map of 29
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The Florescence 141on-white, and Ga
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The Florescence 143Other Small Hous
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\ I\ II :: \1 I: I a ..\\\ l .-'';~
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II/ffII,II( /IMOOI:AIIaccOSIl(lAC,"
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IffFI//II/IIjI,//III" 1111001:"'"II
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, ,, fI f, If ,I f/ ,"If MCOCR~I A[
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Great No1lh Road J• StoifS.......
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,I MC~t~ij/ ':'.b'_''"'o/!PUEBLO AL
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The Florescence 157Recently Wills (
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The Florescence 159Figure 5.19.Earl
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"I----_\---~~--.-';--_:::::'y',..~f
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The Florescence 163rough-sort metho
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The Florescence 165Ceramics dating
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The Florescence 167Figure 5.24.Alta
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The Florescence 169Bonito phase str
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The Florescence 171Three road-relat
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The Florescence 173Figure 5.29.Aeri
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The Florescence 175construction cou
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Chapter SixThe Classic Adaptation W
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The Classic Adaptation 179were abov
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The Classic Adaptation 181upland ar
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The Classic Adaptation 183Estimated
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The Classic Adaptation 185which are
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Table 6.5. (cont'd.)Population Esti
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Table 6.7. Windes's small-house pop
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--_._-- -------The Classic Adaptati
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The Classic Adaptation 193sp.); buc
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The Classic Adaptation 195e.g., a d
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The Classic Adaptation 197block siz
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The Classic Adaptation 199and fir b
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The Classic Adaptation 201between f
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340 \I,II320 "• I......---5 - Yea
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The Classic Adaptation 205in and ar
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Table 6.8. (cont'd.)FeatureExamples
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The Classic Adaptation 209gested by
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The Classic Adaptation 211Table 6.9
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The Classic Adaptation 213.''-...,,
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The Classic Adaptation 215chalcedon
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Table 6.11. Projected ceramic consu
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The Classic Adaptation 219structure
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The Classic Adaptation 221Bonito, w
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The Classic Adaptation 223number of
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Chapter SevenThe Final Years (A.D.
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117'1[ .....II)...0"'1.111"'tlll~'[
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~ ___The Final Years 229RIR2R3__..i
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The Final Years 2311964) included c
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The Final Years 233, ,o J 2 3METERS
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-- -- - - - - -- - ~- -~-------- -
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_ - ~2 - -1 __ R_4_---J __ R_6_~R3R
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The Final Years 239most often with
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The Final Years 241severe drought f
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The Final Years 243ceramic types, b
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Chapter EightRelated Communities in
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Related Communities 247Calendrical0
Page 271 and 272: • WALL.ACESKUNK SPRINGS IIIIII ST
Page 273 and 274: • ESCALANTE.IDA JEAN• WALLACESK
Page 275 and 276: Related Communities 253(Marshall et
Page 277 and 278: Related Communities 255foodstuffs k
Page 279 and 280: Related Communities 257and cupule w
Page 281 and 282: GWeST. ( )~1 PIERRE'S~I ~.~~ ~ .•
Page 283 and 284: Related Communities 261possibility
Page 285 and 286: Related Communities 263by the Red M
Page 287: Related Communities 265when the div
Page 290 and 291: 268 Chaco Project Synthesismigrated
Page 292 and 293: 270 Chaco Project Synthesiswas not
Page 294 and 295: 272 Chaco Project SynthesisCanyon r
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Page 298 and 299: 276 Chaco Project Synthesislayout,
Page 300 and 301: 278 Chaco Project Synthesisleadersh
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Page 304 and 305: 282 Chaco Project SynthesisDiscussi
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Page 308 and 309: 286 Chaco Project Synthesis• chan
Page 310 and 311: 288 Chaco Project Synthesiswatered
Page 312 and 313: 290 Chaco Project SynthesisEven ear
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Page 316 and 317: 294 Chaco Project Synthesisp337123
Page 318 and 319: 296 Chaco Project Synthesisnecessar
Page 321: Chapter TenHistoric Period StudiesE
Page 325 and 326: Historic Period Studies 303Chaco Pr
Page 327 and 328: Historic Period Studies 305Figure 1
Page 329 and 330: Historic Period Studies 307Figure 1
Page 331 and 332: Historic Period Studies 309lived in
Page 333 and 334: Historic Period Studies 311Warburto
Page 335 and 336: Figure 10.9.Map 2, locating Histori
Page 337 and 338: Figure 10.11. Map 4, locating Histo
Page 339 and 340: Figure 10.13. Map 6, locating Histo
Page 341 and 342: Figure 10.15. Map 8, which combines
Page 343 and 344: Historic Period Studies 321(_ 29SJI
Page 345 and 346: Historic Period Studies 323informat
Page 347 and 348: Historic Period Studies 325as stove
Page 349 and 350: Historic Period Studies 327them els
Page 351 and 352: Historic Period Studies 329the case
Page 353 and 354: Chapter ElevenThe Chaco Project fro
Page 355 and 356: A Broader Perspective 333Among arch
Page 357 and 358: A Broader Perspective 335Assuming t
Page 359 and 360: Table 11.2. Population thresholds i
Page 361 and 362: A Broader Perspective 339whom fall
Page 363 and 364: A Broader Perspective 341Table 11.3
Page 365 and 366: A Broader Perspective 343that is re
Page 367 and 368: Appendix AExcavated Sites in Chaco
Page 369 and 370: Table A.1. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
Page 371 and 372: Table A.2. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.3. Sites excavated or exami
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Table A.3. (cont' d.)Site Name Site
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Table A.4. Sites excavated or exami
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Table AA. (cont'd.)Site Name Site N
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Table A.5. (cont'd.)Site No. Site N
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Table A.S. (cont'd.)5ite No. 5ite N
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Appendix BChronology ChartsThrougho
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Appendix B 365Table B.3. Dominant c
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Table B.4. (cont'd.)Pecos Classific
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Appendix CThe Chaco Synthesis Proje
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Appendix C 371Table C.l. The organi
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Appendix C 373Table C.3. The Chaco
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Appendix C 375Table C.5. Chaco, Mes
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Appendix C 377Table C.7. The capsto
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Appendix C 379Table C.S.In Search o
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382 Chaco Project SynthesisArcheolo
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384 Chaco Project SynthesisBinford,
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386 Chaco Project SynthesisMexico,
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388 Chaco Project SynthesisMonument
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390 Chaco Project SynthesisDoyel, D
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392 Chaco Project SynthesisUniversi
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-~ -- - -- ------394 Chaco Project
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396 Chaco Project SynthesisAmerican
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398 Chaco Project SynthesisMiscella
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400 Chaco Project SynthesisKlausner
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402 Chaco Project SynthesisLoose, R
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404 Chaco Project SynthesisPrice, p
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406 Chaco Project Synthesis1984 The
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408 Chaco Project SynthesisOrtiz, A
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410 Chaco Project SynthesisPsycholo
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412 Chaco Project SynthesisSchoenwe
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414 Chaco Project SynthesisSprague,
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416 Chaco Project Synthesis2000 Mac
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418 Chaco Project Synthesis1970b As
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420 Chaco Project SynthesisWhaley,
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-----------------------422 Chaco Pr
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Indexabandonment, and dispersion, 2
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Index 427bow and arrow, 63, 99Bradf
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Index 429demography: community, mar
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Index 431Hack, J. T., 32Half House,
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Index 433Little Colorado (River) ar
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Index 435population as a system, 33
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Index 437264, and nearest-neighbor
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Index 43929Mc391 structure, 30929SJ
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Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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