Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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70 Chaco Project Synthesisshallow circular depressions (ringed by discardedwaste stone that formed raised borders) was determinedto be a sandstone quarry of unknown age(Figure 3.5). Site 29SJ116 (Figures 3.6 and 3.7),located approximately 15.24 m (50 ft) away from29SJ1118, had evidence for three periods of use:Archaic, possibly Pueblo III, and Navajo. Therelationship of at least two hearth areas (around whichwere scattered flaked stone tools, one-hand manos,and other items) to the Pueblo and Navajo use werenot well determined, and this site was eliminated fromthe analysis of Archaic adaptations. Thus, only threesites that were extensively tested provide evidence forunderstanding the Archaic culture (Lister and Lister1981 :xi).29SJ126 (Stanford's J site). During survey,one impure green chert Jay point, one chalcedony Jaybase, one petrified wood or chalcedony broken tip,one fine-grained red quartzite bifacial knife fragment,one dark-brown petrified wood bifacial implement,and one fire-shattered chalcedony biface fragmentwere recorded in a saltbush-grass environment on theeast side of Cly's Canyon (Figure 3.3). The Jay pointindicated an Early Archaic use of this ca. 61 x 61 m(200 x 200 ft) site (Figure 3.8). Corrugated andblack-an-white pottery sherds suggested an Anasazipresence (probably Pueblo II).Most artifacts recovered during excavations intwo trenches (Figure 3.9) came from the surface; onlya few were from the O-lO-cm level. A number ofrocks, flakes, pottery sherds, scrapers, manos, hammerstones,and metate fragments were plotted bysquares and used to make a distribution map (Figure3.10). The nine black-on-white sherds recovered fromthe surface of N 0-1 m, E 1-18 m were part of arestorable pot identified as the remains of a smallMcElmo Black-on-white bowl that would date toapproximately A.D. 1100 to 1200 (Peter J. McKenna,personal communication, 1980) and were consideredintrusive. A roasting hearth was exposed in testtrench 1 (S 0-2 m; E 12-13 m was identified as ahearth area); N 0-1 m, E 14-16 m, was also listed ashaving bone beneath a hearth.Flakes of chert, chalcedony, and petrified woodwere most frequently recorded, but concretions,jasper, argillite, obsidian, and basalt were recoveredfrom both the surface and the occupational level of thesite. The last two materials were the least commonand the only materials that would have been importedfrom outside of the area. Other catalogued itemsinclude one piece of red ochre, one petrified woodscraper, one complete chalcedony Jay point from thesurface, one possible point fragment of chert, and onemidsection of a chalcedony point. One broken chalcedonyprojectile point (base to midsection, with basalthinning) was recorded as coming from below thehearth. Also present were one broken obsidian basethat was reworked into a drill, one chalcedony brokentip, a sandstone mano, and a fine-grained quartzitehammerstone. In addition, one chalcedony scraperand one fist axe, or hammerstone, were identified.Some burned bone was recovered. A broken shellpendant was considered to be from a freshwater clam,possibly Anadonta (Mathien 1985), which lives inwater that runs year round. Today the San Juan Riveris the nearest such stream, but the source of the shellis undetermined.No analyses for this site have been carried out.One unpUblished indicator-only date of 5680 + 1290-1540 was obtained (from Dicarb Radioisotope Laboratory,DIC633) in November 11,1976. A very smallcharcoal specimen (fragments) came from a hearthnear the surface in the north-south trench in the 13-to-14 m grid. This uncalibrated date suggests possibleuse ca. 3730 B.C, which falls slightly later than therange for Jay material provided by Judge (1982:Table1.2). Because of the presence of a hearth, Lister andLister (1981:Appendix) considered 29SJ126 to be ahabitation site. The lithic materials are predominantlylocal; only the obsidian and basalt would have beencarried in from some distance. These, plus thefreshwater shell, suggest a wide range for procurementby the people who camped along the east rim of Cly'sCanyon over 5,000 years ago.29SJ1156 (Atlatl Cave) and 29SJ1157(Sleeping Dune and Ant Hill Dune). The 94 sitesassigned to the Archaic-Basketmaker II period did notinclude those with petroglyphs, a feature that Neller(1976b) thought might have been related to huntingmagic. The Late Archaic-Basketmaker II sites selectedfor excavation are located in a small rincon downstreamand west of Cly's Canyon; here, two rocksheltersand several dune sites had been recorded(Figure 3.4). The rockshelter, known as Atiati Cave,or 29SJl156, contains pictographs and is located on
The Preceramic Period 71N__ 29SJIIS." ,I ,\. .,~./ --7#'-r-,-.,.) "0/"000-/,0 •o·/(~o'o-1/o 100 200 300METERSFigure 3.3.Location of Archaic sites near Cly's Canyon. Sites 29SJ116 and 29SJ1118 (located nextto 29SJ 116) were excavated but found not to date exclusively to the Archaic period.(Taken from field notes on 29SJ126, Chaco Clulture NHP Museum Archive Collection,Accession no. 2.)
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--------Culture and Ecology ofChaco
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3. THE PRECERAMIC PERIOD IN CHACO C
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History of the Chaco Navajo '" . .
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~~~-------3.21. Overview of Sheep C
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10.12. Map 5, locating Historic per
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-- - -- - ---- ~----- - --B.I. Cera
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List of participants in the School
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1971, Robert H. Lister, then at the
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Personnel associated with the Chaco
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For this volume, lowe special thank
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2 Chaco Project Synthesis50. J •
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4 Chaco Project Synthesisand the fe
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6 Chaco Project Synthesispainted Es
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10 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 1.
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14 Chaco Project SynthesisCompariso
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16 Chaco Project SynthesisDuring ex
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18 Chaco Project Synthesisobsidian
Page 43 and 44: Chapter TwoThe Environment and Natu
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Page 47 and 48: Environment and Natural Resources 2
Page 49: Environment and Natural Resources 2
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Page 66 and 67: 44 Chaco Project Synthesisflavescen
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Page 84 and 85: 62 Chaco Project Synthesisto the So
Page 86 and 87: 64 Chaco Project SynthesisTable 3.1
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Page 100 and 101: 78 Chaco Project Synthesisthe first
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Page 106 and 107: 84 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 3.
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Page 110 and 111: -------------- ._----------88 Chaco
Page 112 and 113: 90 Chaco Project SynthesisThe secon
Page 114 and 115: 92 Chaco Project SynthesisYears B.P
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Page 120 and 121: 98 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 4.
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Page 124 and 125: Figure 4.2.Identified Basketmaker I
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Page 131 and 132: Output File Types 115Intensity File
Page 133 and 134: Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 111stor
Page 135 and 136: Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 113and
Page 137 and 138: Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 115peop
Page 139 and 140: Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 117and
Page 141 and 142: Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 119Fami
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 121by a
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------- - -----------------Basketma
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--------Basketmaker III to Pueblo I
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Chapter FiveThe Florescence of the
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The Florescence 131ExcavationsData
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------ -- - -- --The Florescence 13
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FP5ooo1
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Plthou •• C~f 8 0 0-: ~oo:~g(_-
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TRASH MOUNDoIoFigure 5.5. Map of 29
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The Florescence 141on-white, and Ga
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The Florescence 143Other Small Hous
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\ I\ II :: \1 I: I a ..\\\ l .-'';~
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II/ffII,II( /IMOOI:AIIaccOSIl(lAC,"
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IffFI//II/IIjI,//III" 1111001:"'"II
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, ,, fI f, If ,I f/ ,"If MCOCR~I A[
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Great No1lh Road J• StoifS.......
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,I MC~t~ij/ ':'.b'_''"'o/!PUEBLO AL
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The Florescence 157Recently Wills (
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The Florescence 159Figure 5.19.Earl
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"I----_\---~~--.-';--_:::::'y',..~f
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The Florescence 163rough-sort metho
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The Florescence 165Ceramics dating
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The Florescence 167Figure 5.24.Alta
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The Florescence 169Bonito phase str
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The Florescence 171Three road-relat
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The Florescence 173Figure 5.29.Aeri
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The Florescence 175construction cou
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Chapter SixThe Classic Adaptation W
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The Classic Adaptation 179were abov
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The Classic Adaptation 181upland ar
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The Classic Adaptation 183Estimated
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The Classic Adaptation 185which are
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Table 6.5. (cont'd.)Population Esti
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Table 6.7. Windes's small-house pop
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--_._-- -------The Classic Adaptati
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The Classic Adaptation 193sp.); buc
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The Classic Adaptation 195e.g., a d
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The Classic Adaptation 197block siz
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The Classic Adaptation 199and fir b
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The Classic Adaptation 201between f
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340 \I,II320 "• I......---5 - Yea
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The Classic Adaptation 205in and ar
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Table 6.8. (cont'd.)FeatureExamples
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The Classic Adaptation 209gested by
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The Classic Adaptation 211Table 6.9
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The Classic Adaptation 213.''-...,,
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The Classic Adaptation 215chalcedon
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Table 6.11. Projected ceramic consu
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The Classic Adaptation 219structure
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The Classic Adaptation 221Bonito, w
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The Classic Adaptation 223number of
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Chapter SevenThe Final Years (A.D.
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117'1[ .....II)...0"'1.111"'tlll~'[
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~ ___The Final Years 229RIR2R3__..i
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The Final Years 2311964) included c
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The Final Years 233, ,o J 2 3METERS
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_ - ~2 - -1 __ R_4_---J __ R_6_~R3R
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The Final Years 239most often with
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The Final Years 241severe drought f
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The Final Years 243ceramic types, b
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Chapter EightRelated Communities in
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Related Communities 247Calendrical0
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• WALL.ACESKUNK SPRINGS IIIIII ST
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• ESCALANTE.IDA JEAN• WALLACESK
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Related Communities 253(Marshall et
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Related Communities 255foodstuffs k
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Related Communities 257and cupule w
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GWeST. ( )~1 PIERRE'S~I ~.~~ ~ .•
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Related Communities 261possibility
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Related Communities 263by the Red M
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Related Communities 265when the div
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268 Chaco Project Synthesismigrated
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270 Chaco Project Synthesiswas not
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272 Chaco Project SynthesisCanyon r
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274 Chaco Project Synthesisgreater
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276 Chaco Project Synthesislayout,
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278 Chaco Project Synthesisleadersh
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-- -~----280 Chaco Project Synthesi
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282 Chaco Project SynthesisDiscussi
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284 Chaco Project Synthesissedentiz
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286 Chaco Project Synthesis• chan
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288 Chaco Project Synthesiswatered
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290 Chaco Project SynthesisEven ear
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292 Chaco Project Synthesis1954:65)
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294 Chaco Project Synthesisp337123
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296 Chaco Project Synthesisnecessar
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Chapter TenHistoric Period StudiesE
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Historic Period Studies 301control
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Historic Period Studies 303Chaco Pr
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Historic Period Studies 305Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 307Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 309lived in
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Historic Period Studies 311Warburto
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Figure 10.9.Map 2, locating Histori
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Figure 10.11. Map 4, locating Histo
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Figure 10.13. Map 6, locating Histo
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Figure 10.15. Map 8, which combines
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Historic Period Studies 321(_ 29SJI
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Historic Period Studies 323informat
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Historic Period Studies 325as stove
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Historic Period Studies 327them els
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Historic Period Studies 329the case
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Chapter ElevenThe Chaco Project fro
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A Broader Perspective 333Among arch
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A Broader Perspective 335Assuming t
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Table 11.2. Population thresholds i
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A Broader Perspective 339whom fall
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A Broader Perspective 341Table 11.3
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A Broader Perspective 343that is re
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Appendix AExcavated Sites in Chaco
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Table A.1. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.2. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.3. Sites excavated or exami
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Table A.3. (cont' d.)Site Name Site
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Table A.4. Sites excavated or exami
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Table AA. (cont'd.)Site Name Site N
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Table A.5. (cont'd.)Site No. Site N
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Table A.S. (cont'd.)5ite No. 5ite N
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Appendix BChronology ChartsThrougho
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Appendix B 365Table B.3. Dominant c
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Table B.4. (cont'd.)Pecos Classific
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Appendix CThe Chaco Synthesis Proje
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Appendix C 371Table C.l. The organi
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Appendix C 373Table C.3. The Chaco
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Appendix C 375Table C.5. Chaco, Mes
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Appendix C 377Table C.7. The capsto
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Appendix C 379Table C.S.In Search o
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382 Chaco Project SynthesisArcheolo
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384 Chaco Project SynthesisBinford,
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386 Chaco Project SynthesisMexico,
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388 Chaco Project SynthesisMonument
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390 Chaco Project SynthesisDoyel, D
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392 Chaco Project SynthesisUniversi
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-~ -- - -- ------394 Chaco Project
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396 Chaco Project SynthesisAmerican
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398 Chaco Project SynthesisMiscella
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400 Chaco Project SynthesisKlausner
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402 Chaco Project SynthesisLoose, R
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404 Chaco Project SynthesisPrice, p
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406 Chaco Project Synthesis1984 The
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408 Chaco Project SynthesisOrtiz, A
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410 Chaco Project SynthesisPsycholo
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412 Chaco Project SynthesisSchoenwe
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414 Chaco Project SynthesisSprague,
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416 Chaco Project Synthesis2000 Mac
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418 Chaco Project Synthesis1970b As
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420 Chaco Project SynthesisWhaley,
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-----------------------422 Chaco Pr
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Indexabandonment, and dispersion, 2
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Index 427bow and arrow, 63, 99Bradf
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Index 429demography: community, mar
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Index 431Hack, J. T., 32Half House,
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Index 433Little Colorado (River) ar
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Index 435population as a system, 33
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Index 437264, and nearest-neighbor
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Index 43929Mc391 structure, 30929SJ
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Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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