Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

Recommendations

Info

236 Chaco Project SynthesisMcElmo expression, noted especially by theappearance of Wetherill Black-on-white and an earlyform of McElmo Black-on-white, as well as Chacomadecopies, to date sometime after A.D. 1075.Hayes (1981:29-30) was not sure there was sufficientevidence to indicate that people, and not copied traits,moved from north to south. In Hayes's Late PuebloIII period, McElmo and Mesa Verde black-on-whitewere the predominant pottery types. This periodincluded reductions in population, with only a fewpeople remaining into the early A.D. 1300s. Asimilar long late period of occupation was discernedduring the additional lands survey: A.D. 1130 to1230 (date group 500, when there is very littleevidence of use of the area) (Mills 1986). Millsincluded the late occupation at Kin Klizhin, as well asa Chacoan structure (CM-IOO) and great kiva onChacra Mesa, among the sites falling within thisperiod. She thought the system still operated andencompassed sites within the Chaco Halo (a 10-kmarea around the canyon) in some type of exchange.Hayes (1981 : Figure 20) illustrated the distributionof Late Pueblo III sites in the canyon bottom.Although there were fewer sites, they tended to bedistributed fairly evenly throughout the canyon. Theearlier high number and tight cluster of sites in andaround Pueblo Bonito at South Gap were no longervisible; only the hint of clustering remained. In laterresurvey to update his population estimates, Windes(1987[1]:404) commented on the difficulty of identifyingsites with Mesa Verde occupation along thesouth side of the canyon because houses from theearlier period were often reused. Because trash depositswere no longer placed on middens, but could befound during excavation (e.g., at 29SJ633) (Truell1979), Windes thought that we may be underestimatingthe number of people living in the canyonduring the A.D. 1200s. He also thought that sites onthe canyon floor were fairly evenly distributed.Windes's examination of the Chaco East community,located east of the park boundaries and about3.2 km (2 rni) west of Pueblo Pintado, revealed thepresence of a small popUlation in the early A.D. 1100sand widespread use of the area in the late A.D. 1100sand 1200s (Windes 1993; Windes et al. 2000).Thirty-nine houses were assigned to the period fromA.D. 1175 to 1300; some were located on the northside of the canyon on south-facing cliff ledges. Anumber of storage areas were also constructed in cliffshelters. Based on ceramic types and the constructionof new houses over older ones, Windes et al.(2000:50) thought there was a break between the earlyA.D. 1100s occupation and the late use of the ChacoEast community area.ExcavationsAlthough there is very limited evidence of lateuse at Pueblo Alto (Windes 1987[1]:172-175), oneexcavation that included evidence for the Mesa Verdephase was carried out by Marcia Truell and LouAnnJacobson at 29SJ633, a small house in Marcia'sRincon (Figure 7.9) that had been constructed duringthe late A.D. 1000s to early A.D. 1100s (Mathien1991a). Data from one and one-half rooms indicatedthat the central room block had been modified duringthe late A.D. 1100s to early A.D. 1200s. Sometimeafter remodeling, four burials (one adult male andthree infants) were placed in these rooms before theroofs were removed, the walls collapsed, and someburning of layers above the floors took place. Therooms were subsequently filled with trash, which musthave been discarded by people living in the area.Differences among the early and late occupationsinclude floor features. Truell (in Mathien 1991a: 116)found that the initial builders constructed heating pits,while the later occupants were satisfied with fires thatleft only floor bums. This suggests that repeatedcooking was not carried out during the last occupation.It is not possible to determine whether livingin these rooms during the later period was unplannedor the rooms were used only for a short occupation.Based on her examination of small site architecture,Truell (1986:302, 308) asked if reuse ofearlier sites, or especially sites in overhangs, indicatesa Mesa Verde migration into the canyon or acontinuum of earlier populations that had a San Juanaffiliation at this late date. Sherds from the A.D. 900swere present on some talus locations that had latePueblo III evidence.Analysis of fauna from 29SJ633 also documentedchange. Gillespie (1991) indicated a strong relianceon small mammals and turkeys at 29SJ633 during theMesa Verde phase. Lagomorphs predominated; theabundance of small, immature cottontails was unusual.Although there was definitive evidence for summer
_ - ~2 - -1 __ R_4_---J __ R_6_~R3R5-JR9 ,I(Not excavated)o 123METERSFigure 7.9. Map of 29SJ633. (Taken from Truell 1986:Figure A.116. Original by Truell 1979.)
Page 1 and 2:
- --- - - --~ -----31D / D-9tcCultu
Page 3:
--------Culture and Ecology ofChaco
Page 6 and 7:
3. THE PRECERAMIC PERIOD IN CHACO C
Page 8 and 9:
History of the Chaco Navajo '" . .
Page 10 and 11:
~~~-------3.21. Overview of Sheep C
Page 12 and 13:
10.12. Map 5, locating Historic per
Page 14 and 15:
-- - -- - ---- ~----- - --B.I. Cera
Page 16 and 17:
List of participants in the School
Page 18 and 19:
1971, Robert H. Lister, then at the
Page 20 and 21:
Personnel associated with the Chaco
Page 22 and 23:
For this volume, lowe special thank
Page 24 and 25:
2 Chaco Project Synthesis50. J •
Page 26 and 27:
4 Chaco Project Synthesisand the fe
Page 28 and 29:
6 Chaco Project Synthesispainted Es
Page 30 and 31:
----------------------------------8
Page 32 and 33:
10 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 1.
Page 34 and 35:
- - ----- -------------------------
Page 36 and 37:
14 Chaco Project SynthesisCompariso
Page 38 and 39:
16 Chaco Project SynthesisDuring ex
Page 40 and 41:
18 Chaco Project Synthesisobsidian
Page 43 and 44:
Chapter TwoThe Environment and Natu
Page 45 and 46:
-- --------------------- --------En
Page 47 and 48:
Environment and Natural Resources 2
Page 49:
Environment and Natural Resources 2
Page 52 and 53:
~~~--~~~~ --30 Chaco Project Synthe
Page 54 and 55:
32 Chaco Project SynthesisA few yea
Page 56 and 57:
------------------------.34 Chaco P
Page 58 and 59:
36 Chaco Project Synthesismeasureme
Page 60 and 61:
38 Chaco Project SynthesisLybrook,
Page 62 and 63:
40 Chaco Project Synthesis
Page 64 and 65:
- -~~------~- --- - ---------------
Page 66 and 67:
44 Chaco Project Synthesisflavescen
Page 68 and 69:
46 Chaco Project Synthesisnel prese
Page 70 and 71:
-------48 Chaco Project SynthesisYI
Page 72 and 73:
50 Chaco Project Synthesiswas proba
Page 74 and 75:
52 Chaco Project Synthesis1981 [sic
Page 76 and 77:
901to925950to9751001to10251050to107
Page 78 and 79:
56 Chaco Project Synthesisamined th
Page 80 and 81:
-----------------------------------
Page 82 and 83:
-----------------------------
Page 84 and 85:
62 Chaco Project Synthesisto the So
Page 86 and 87:
64 Chaco Project SynthesisTable 3.1
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
70 Chaco Project Synthesisshallow c
Page 94 and 95:
72 Chaco Project Synthesis..... ~--
Page 96 and 97:
74 Chaco Project Synthesis./-""\I \
Page 98 and 99:
76 Chaco Project Synthesis.. N20 I-
Page 100 and 101:
78 Chaco Project Synthesisthe first
Page 102 and 103:
----------------80 Chaco Project Sy
Page 104 and 105:
---------------------~---- ---- ---
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
--------86 Chaco Project Synthesis.
Page 110 and 111:
-------------- ._----------88 Chaco
Page 112 and 113:
90 Chaco Project SynthesisThe secon
Page 114 and 115:
92 Chaco Project SynthesisYears B.P
Page 116 and 117:
94 Chaco Project Synthesispression
Page 118 and 119:
----------------------96 Chaco Proj
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
--------------------- ~~~~-~~-100 C
Page 124 and 125:
Figure 4.2.Identified Basketmaker I
Page 126 and 127:
ooo00 0o 0 00o 0 0qo000 00 "~""" 0~
Page 129 and 130:
•BftlO€)•••• oI
Page 131 and 132:
Output File Types 115Intensity File
Page 133 and 134:
Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 111stor
Page 135 and 136:
Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 113and
Page 137 and 138:
Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 115peop
Page 139 and 140:
Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 117and
Page 141 and 142:
Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 119Fami
Page 143 and 144:
Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 121by a
Page 145 and 146:
------- - -----------------Basketma
Page 147 and 148:
--------Basketmaker III to Pueblo I
Page 149 and 150:
Chapter FiveThe Florescence of the
Page 151 and 152:
~----------------------------------
Page 153 and 154:
The Florescence 131ExcavationsData
Page 155 and 156:
------ -- - -- --The Florescence 13
Page 157 and 158:
FP5ooo1
Page 159 and 160:
Plthou •• C~f 8 0 0-: ~oo:~g(_-
Page 161 and 162:
TRASH MOUNDoIoFigure 5.5. Map of 29
Page 163 and 164:
The Florescence 141on-white, and Ga
Page 165 and 166:
The Florescence 143Other Small Hous
Page 167 and 168:
\ I\ II :: \1 I: I a ..\\\ l .-'';~
Page 169 and 170:
II/ffII,II( /IMOOI:AIIaccOSIl(lAC,"
Page 171 and 172:
IffFI//II/IIjI,//III" 1111001:"'"II
Page 173 and 174:
, ,, fI f, If ,I f/ ,"If MCOCR~I A[
Page 175 and 176:
Great No1lh Road J• StoifS.......
Page 177 and 178:
,I MC~t~ij/ ':'.b'_''"'o/!PUEBLO AL
Page 179 and 180:
The Florescence 157Recently Wills (
Page 181 and 182:
The Florescence 159Figure 5.19.Earl
Page 183 and 184:
"I----_\---~~--.-';--_:::::'y',..~f
Page 185 and 186:
The Florescence 163rough-sort metho
Page 187 and 188:
The Florescence 165Ceramics dating
Page 189 and 190:
The Florescence 167Figure 5.24.Alta
Page 191 and 192:
The Florescence 169Bonito phase str
Page 193 and 194:
The Florescence 171Three road-relat
Page 195 and 196:
The Florescence 173Figure 5.29.Aeri
Page 197 and 198:
The Florescence 175construction cou
Page 199 and 200:
Chapter SixThe Classic Adaptation W
Page 201 and 202:
The Classic Adaptation 179were abov
Page 203 and 204:
The Classic Adaptation 181upland ar
Page 205 and 206:
The Classic Adaptation 183Estimated
Page 207 and 208: The Classic Adaptation 185which are
Page 209 and 210: Table 6.5. (cont'd.)Population Esti
Page 211 and 212: Table 6.7. Windes's small-house pop
Page 213 and 214: --_._-- -------The Classic Adaptati
Page 215 and 216: The Classic Adaptation 193sp.); buc
Page 217 and 218: The Classic Adaptation 195e.g., a d
Page 219 and 220: The Classic Adaptation 197block siz
Page 221 and 222: The Classic Adaptation 199and fir b
Page 223 and 224: The Classic Adaptation 201between f
Page 225 and 226: 340 \I,II320 "• I......---5 - Yea
Page 227 and 228: The Classic Adaptation 205in and ar
Page 229 and 230: Table 6.8. (cont'd.)FeatureExamples
Page 231 and 232: The Classic Adaptation 209gested by
Page 233 and 234: The Classic Adaptation 211Table 6.9
Page 235 and 236: The Classic Adaptation 213.''-...,,
Page 237 and 238: The Classic Adaptation 215chalcedon
Page 239 and 240: Table 6.11. Projected ceramic consu
Page 241 and 242: The Classic Adaptation 219structure
Page 243 and 244: The Classic Adaptation 221Bonito, w
Page 245 and 246: The Classic Adaptation 223number of
Page 247 and 248: Chapter SevenThe Final Years (A.D.
Page 249 and 250: 117'1[ .....II)...0"'1.111"'tlll~'[
Page 251 and 252: ~ ___The Final Years 229RIR2R3__..i
Page 253 and 254: The Final Years 2311964) included c
Page 255 and 256: The Final Years 233, ,o J 2 3METERS
Page 257: -- -- - - - - -- - ~- -~-------- -
Page 261 and 262: The Final Years 239most often with
Page 263 and 264: The Final Years 241severe drought f
Page 265 and 266: The Final Years 243ceramic types, b
Page 267 and 268: Chapter EightRelated Communities in
Page 269 and 270: Related Communities 247Calendrical0
Page 271 and 272: • WALL.ACESKUNK SPRINGS IIIIII ST
Page 273 and 274: • ESCALANTE.IDA JEAN• WALLACESK
Page 275 and 276: Related Communities 253(Marshall et
Page 277 and 278: Related Communities 255foodstuffs k
Page 279 and 280: Related Communities 257and cupule w
Page 281 and 282: GWeST. ( )~1 PIERRE'S~I ~.~~ ~ .•
Page 283 and 284: Related Communities 261possibility
Page 285 and 286: Related Communities 263by the Red M
Page 287: Related Communities 265when the div
Page 290 and 291: 268 Chaco Project Synthesismigrated
Page 292 and 293: 270 Chaco Project Synthesiswas not
Page 294 and 295: 272 Chaco Project SynthesisCanyon r
Page 296 and 297: 274 Chaco Project Synthesisgreater
Page 298 and 299: 276 Chaco Project Synthesislayout,
Page 300 and 301: 278 Chaco Project Synthesisleadersh
Page 302 and 303: -- -~----280 Chaco Project Synthesi
Page 304 and 305: 282 Chaco Project SynthesisDiscussi
Page 306 and 307: 284 Chaco Project Synthesissedentiz
Page 308 and 309:
286 Chaco Project Synthesis• chan
Page 310 and 311:
288 Chaco Project Synthesiswatered
Page 312 and 313:
290 Chaco Project SynthesisEven ear
Page 314 and 315:
292 Chaco Project Synthesis1954:65)
Page 316 and 317:
294 Chaco Project Synthesisp337123
Page 318 and 319:
296 Chaco Project Synthesisnecessar
Page 321 and 322:
Chapter TenHistoric Period StudiesE
Page 323 and 324:
Historic Period Studies 301control
Page 325 and 326:
Historic Period Studies 303Chaco Pr
Page 327 and 328:
Historic Period Studies 305Figure 1
Page 329 and 330:
Historic Period Studies 307Figure 1
Page 331 and 332:
Historic Period Studies 309lived in
Page 333 and 334:
Historic Period Studies 311Warburto
Page 335 and 336:
Figure 10.9.Map 2, locating Histori
Page 337 and 338:
Figure 10.11. Map 4, locating Histo
Page 339 and 340:
Figure 10.13. Map 6, locating Histo
Page 341 and 342:
Figure 10.15. Map 8, which combines
Page 343 and 344:
Historic Period Studies 321(_ 29SJI
Page 345 and 346:
Historic Period Studies 323informat
Page 347 and 348:
Historic Period Studies 325as stove
Page 349 and 350:
Historic Period Studies 327them els
Page 351 and 352:
Historic Period Studies 329the case
Page 353 and 354:
Chapter ElevenThe Chaco Project fro
Page 355 and 356:
A Broader Perspective 333Among arch
Page 357 and 358:
A Broader Perspective 335Assuming t
Page 359 and 360:
Table 11.2. Population thresholds i
Page 361 and 362:
A Broader Perspective 339whom fall
Page 363 and 364:
A Broader Perspective 341Table 11.3
Page 365 and 366:
A Broader Perspective 343that is re
Page 367 and 368:
Appendix AExcavated Sites in Chaco
Page 369 and 370:
Table A.1. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
Page 371 and 372:
Table A.2. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
Page 373 and 374:
Table A.3. Sites excavated or exami
Page 375 and 376:
Table A.3. (cont' d.)Site Name Site
Page 377 and 378:
Table A.4. Sites excavated or exami
Page 379 and 380:
Table AA. (cont'd.)Site Name Site N
Page 381 and 382:
Table A.5. (cont'd.)Site No. Site N
Page 383 and 384:
Table A.S. (cont'd.)5ite No. 5ite N
Page 385 and 386:
Appendix BChronology ChartsThrougho
Page 387 and 388:
Appendix B 365Table B.3. Dominant c
Page 389 and 390:
Table B.4. (cont'd.)Pecos Classific
Page 391 and 392:
Appendix CThe Chaco Synthesis Proje
Page 393 and 394:
Appendix C 371Table C.l. The organi
Page 395 and 396:
Appendix C 373Table C.3. The Chaco
Page 397 and 398:
Appendix C 375Table C.5. Chaco, Mes
Page 399 and 400:
Appendix C 377Table C.7. The capsto
Page 401:
Appendix C 379Table C.S.In Search o
Page 404 and 405:
382 Chaco Project SynthesisArcheolo
Page 406 and 407:
384 Chaco Project SynthesisBinford,
Page 408 and 409:
386 Chaco Project SynthesisMexico,
Page 410 and 411:
388 Chaco Project SynthesisMonument
Page 412 and 413:
390 Chaco Project SynthesisDoyel, D
Page 414 and 415:
392 Chaco Project SynthesisUniversi
Page 416 and 417:
-~ -- - -- ------394 Chaco Project
Page 418 and 419:
396 Chaco Project SynthesisAmerican
Page 420 and 421:
398 Chaco Project SynthesisMiscella
Page 422 and 423:
400 Chaco Project SynthesisKlausner
Page 424 and 425:
402 Chaco Project SynthesisLoose, R
Page 426 and 427:
404 Chaco Project SynthesisPrice, p
Page 428 and 429:
406 Chaco Project Synthesis1984 The
Page 430 and 431:
408 Chaco Project SynthesisOrtiz, A
Page 432 and 433:
410 Chaco Project SynthesisPsycholo
Page 434 and 435:
412 Chaco Project SynthesisSchoenwe
Page 436 and 437:
414 Chaco Project SynthesisSprague,
Page 438 and 439:
416 Chaco Project Synthesis2000 Mac
Page 440 and 441:
418 Chaco Project Synthesis1970b As
Page 442 and 443:
420 Chaco Project SynthesisWhaley,
Page 444 and 445:
-----------------------422 Chaco Pr
Page 447 and 448:
Indexabandonment, and dispersion, 2
Page 449 and 450:
Index 427bow and arrow, 63, 99Bradf
Page 451 and 452:
Index 429demography: community, mar
Page 453 and 454:
Index 431Hack, J. T., 32Half House,
Page 455 and 456:
Index 433Little Colorado (River) ar
Page 457 and 458:
Index 435population as a system, 33
Page 459 and 460:
Index 437264, and nearest-neighbor
Page 461 and 462:
Index 43929Mc391 structure, 30929SJ
Page 464:
-----
show all

Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?