Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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246 Chaco Project Synthesisrequire a cooperative effort and a preservationorientedplan. The PNM/SHPO-sponsored studyfocused on 1) a workable predictive model for outliersite location that would be useful for management; and2) nomination of outlying Chacoan sites to the federaland state lists of cultural properties (Loose 1979a:356). The major goal of NPS archaeologists was toexamine the relationship between the outliers andChaco Canyon (Judge 1976a). Judge's researchdesign specified the collection of data in order toevaluate time, space, environment, site morphology,and artifacts in an attempt to formulate and evaluatehypotheses to explain this phenomenon. He advocatedthe use of systems theory, an evolutionary approach,and a cultural ecology orientation (R. Powers et al.1983:5-6). Participants in both surveys addressedprotection and preservation goals that contributed tothe passage of Public Law 96-550 in 1980, which setaside 33 of the large pueblos as protected sites.Although there were several differences betweenthe PNM/SHPO (Marshall et al. 1979) and ChacoPr~ject (R. Powers et al. 1983) surveys, some datawere combined for analysis. Both studies focused onlarge pueblos. Marshall et al. (1979) assigned affiliations(Chacoan, Chuskan, or Mesa Verdean) to sites.The differences between Chacoan and Mesa Verdeandesignations correlated with time; those betweenChacoan and Chuskan denoted cultural differences.For Powers et al. (1983), the focus was on Chacorelatedsites and surrounding structures; ceramic typeswere designated as Cibolan. Loose (1979a:358) listedseveral criteria to define an outlier: 1) multi-bandedand cored masonry, large rooms, high ceilings, and aplanned appearance to the Chacoan structure; 2)Cibola-series ceramics; 3) Chaco-style kivas; 4) morethan 20 rooms, or an association with a prehistoricroad; and 5) a strategic location on one of the knownroad systems; and perhaps 6) a later McElmoappearance, if the structure is associated with Bonitophase roads. Powers et al. (1983) stressed the Chacocommunity, which included 1) a Chacoan structure(great house or great kiva); 2) proximity to a Chacoanroad; and 3) a number of small houses within the area.Dates assigned to ceramics by Marshall et al. (1979)differed slightly from those used by Powers et al.(1983:Figure 3), who followed Hayes's (1981)version based on the Pecos Classification (Figure 8.1).Powers et al. (1983) concentrated on the Chaco slope,while Marshall et al. (1979) focused on the southernperiphery of the San Juan Basin. Three areas (Bissa'ani, Peach Springs, and Pierre's site) were moreintensively surveyed by Powers et al. (1983), whoestablished a l-km radius from the Chacoan structureto define the area examined for the presence of PuebloII and Pueblo III sites. For these areas, a full set ofdata was recorded; other sites were only identified andlocated. Thus, early Basketmaker III and Pueblo Icommunities were less well documented, but theirpresence suggested long-term use of some areas, muchlike the data collected by Marshall et al. (1979).Research sponsored by PNM and the SHPO includeddata on 34 Chacoan, Chuskan, and Mesa Verdeangreat houses and/or communities (Marshall et al.1979). When reconnaissance and literature searchrevealed that there was a large number of outlyingcommunities, Powers et al. (1983:6) recognized thatit would be impossible to report on all of them, andthe sample for analysis was narrowed to 33 thatrepresented a Chacoan manifestation. These initialstudies provided a sufficient sample to suggest whenand how communities were organized through time.Recent studies (e.g., Gilpin 2003; Gilpin et al. 1996;Kantner 2003b; Van Dyke 1999) include sites notdocumented during these surveys; refinements inchronology and settlement patterns continue to bedistinguished among the great houses and communities(Kantner and Kintigh 2005).Based on these two early surveys, it was possibleto outline the development of communities. Marshallet al. (1979) indicated that clusters of small houses,some with great kivas, had Basketmaker III andPueblo I ceramics (A.D. 550 to 950). In thesecommunities there were no multi storied structures, noformal irrigation features, and no well-defined roads.The great kivas or single large houses within thecommunities were identified as community centers.As a result of their analysis, Marshall et al. (1979:338) proposed a new chronological sequence. BetweenA.D. 500 and 950, there were numeroussettlements consisting of traditional Basketmaker IIIand Pueblo I sites. Although communities existed,there was as no central control of the San Juan Basin.Between A.D. 950 and 1150, the classic Chacosettlements appeared. Small habitation sites aroundmulti storied buildings and great kivas were frequentlyconnected by formal roads. Other public works (irrigationcanals, dams, and reservoirs) were thought tosupport a system that incorporated extensive regional
Related Communities 247Calendrical001 ••A,D.Pecos Clcssificotion Toll .1 01.(Hay.. 1981)(1980 )Marshall or 01. Vivian and Mathews(979) * (1965)Gladwin (1945)CalendricalOor ..A.D.- - -?- - -500r - - -?- - --r-500600700--Basketmaker III(8M III)IBeskelmaker IIIBasketmok.r Iiir-r- - -?- --r-600700800-Pueblo I(P I)Pueblo IEarlyPueblo IWhite Mound PhaseKlatuln lonna Phose80090010001100--1200 -Early PUlbla II(EP II)Lore Pueblo II(LP II)Ear Iy PueblO III(EP III)Lor. Pueblo III(LP III )Eorly Bonito Pho ••Classic Bonito PhoseLote Bonito PhosePueblo ILatePueblo IIEarlyPueblo IIPueblo IILore r---~Bonito H07~-Pua blo III Pha •• Butte Me ElmoEarly Phase PhasePueblo IIIMiddlePueblo IIILate__ '-_1 - --Lote PiliRed Mesa Pha •• r- 900Wingar. PhaseHosta Butt.Bonito Phaset- 11001300 ~- -?--- .... 1300* Marshall.r 01. (979) follow Vivian and Malhews in recognizing contemporaryBonilo, Hosla Butte, and Mc Elmo architecturol phon., but with beginning cndending dates for tho Bonilo and Hosta Butt. pha ... 01 ca, 950-1200.t-10001200Figure 8.1.Correlation of chronological divisions used by researchers studying the San Juan Basin.(Taken from R. Powers et al. 1983:Figure 3.)trade during the Pueblo II and Pueblo III periods ofthe Pecos Classification. Because of a lack of newconstruction, utilization of communities between A.D.1150 and 1200 was not easy to discern. By A.D.1200 to 1250, a number of great houses wereconstructed, often in defensive locations. These communitiesare located only on productive agriculturalsoils. No explanation for the abandonment after thisperiod was given.R. Powers et al. (1983) plotted commumtIesthrough time. Like Marshall et al. (1979), they recorded10 localities with limited Basketmaker IIIsettlements; and great kivas appeared in two of 14outlying settlements or communities during Pueblo 1.Pueblo I communities included Pueblo Pintado, KinBineola, Skunk Springs, EI Rito, and Kin Ya'a.The first Chacoan structures found outside ChacoCanyon appeared during Early Pueblo II (A.D. 900 to975) in seven localities (Figure 8.2). Five hadexisting small settlements: Peach Springs, EI Rito,Guadalupe, Wallace, and Sterling, and possibly SkunkSprings (R. Powers et al. 1979). A Chacoan structurealso appeared in the Kin Bineola area (see Van Dyke2006a for more details on this community). Based on
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- --- - - --~ -----31D / D-9tcCultu
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--------Culture and Ecology ofChaco
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3. THE PRECERAMIC PERIOD IN CHACO C
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History of the Chaco Navajo '" . .
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~~~-------3.21. Overview of Sheep C
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10.12. Map 5, locating Historic per
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-- - -- - ---- ~----- - --B.I. Cera
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List of participants in the School
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1971, Robert H. Lister, then at the
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Personnel associated with the Chaco
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For this volume, lowe special thank
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2 Chaco Project Synthesis50. J •
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4 Chaco Project Synthesisand the fe
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6 Chaco Project Synthesispainted Es
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10 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 1.
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14 Chaco Project SynthesisCompariso
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16 Chaco Project SynthesisDuring ex
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18 Chaco Project Synthesisobsidian
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Chapter TwoThe Environment and Natu
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-- --------------------- --------En
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Environment and Natural Resources 2
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Environment and Natural Resources 2
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~~~--~~~~ --30 Chaco Project Synthe
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32 Chaco Project SynthesisA few yea
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------------------------.34 Chaco P
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36 Chaco Project Synthesismeasureme
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38 Chaco Project SynthesisLybrook,
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40 Chaco Project Synthesis
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44 Chaco Project Synthesisflavescen
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46 Chaco Project Synthesisnel prese
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-------48 Chaco Project SynthesisYI
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50 Chaco Project Synthesiswas proba
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52 Chaco Project Synthesis1981 [sic
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901to925950to9751001to10251050to107
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56 Chaco Project Synthesisamined th
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62 Chaco Project Synthesisto the So
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64 Chaco Project SynthesisTable 3.1
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70 Chaco Project Synthesisshallow c
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72 Chaco Project Synthesis..... ~--
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74 Chaco Project Synthesis./-""\I \
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76 Chaco Project Synthesis.. N20 I-
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78 Chaco Project Synthesisthe first
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----------------80 Chaco Project Sy
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---------------------~---- ---- ---
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--------86 Chaco Project Synthesis.
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-------------- ._----------88 Chaco
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90 Chaco Project SynthesisThe secon
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92 Chaco Project SynthesisYears B.P
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94 Chaco Project Synthesispression
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----------------------96 Chaco Proj
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--------------------- ~~~~-~~-100 C
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Figure 4.2.Identified Basketmaker I
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ooo00 0o 0 00o 0 0qo000 00 "~""" 0~
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•BftlO€)•••• oI
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Output File Types 115Intensity File
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 111stor
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 113and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 115peop
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 117and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 119Fami
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 121by a
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------- - -----------------Basketma
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--------Basketmaker III to Pueblo I
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Chapter FiveThe Florescence of the
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The Florescence 131ExcavationsData
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------ -- - -- --The Florescence 13
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FP5ooo1
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Plthou •• C~f 8 0 0-: ~oo:~g(_-
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TRASH MOUNDoIoFigure 5.5. Map of 29
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The Florescence 141on-white, and Ga
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The Florescence 143Other Small Hous
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\ I\ II :: \1 I: I a ..\\\ l .-'';~
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II/ffII,II( /IMOOI:AIIaccOSIl(lAC,"
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IffFI//II/IIjI,//III" 1111001:"'"II
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, ,, fI f, If ,I f/ ,"If MCOCR~I A[
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Great No1lh Road J• StoifS.......
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,I MC~t~ij/ ':'.b'_''"'o/!PUEBLO AL
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The Florescence 157Recently Wills (
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The Florescence 159Figure 5.19.Earl
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"I----_\---~~--.-';--_:::::'y',..~f
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The Florescence 163rough-sort metho
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The Florescence 165Ceramics dating
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The Florescence 167Figure 5.24.Alta
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The Florescence 169Bonito phase str
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The Florescence 171Three road-relat
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The Florescence 173Figure 5.29.Aeri
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The Florescence 175construction cou
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Chapter SixThe Classic Adaptation W
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The Classic Adaptation 179were abov
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The Classic Adaptation 181upland ar
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The Classic Adaptation 183Estimated
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The Classic Adaptation 185which are
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Table 6.5. (cont'd.)Population Esti
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Table 6.7. Windes's small-house pop
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--_._-- -------The Classic Adaptati
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The Classic Adaptation 193sp.); buc
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Page 219 and 220: The Classic Adaptation 197block siz
Page 221 and 222: The Classic Adaptation 199and fir b
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Page 227 and 228: The Classic Adaptation 205in and ar
Page 229 and 230: Table 6.8. (cont'd.)FeatureExamples
Page 231 and 232: The Classic Adaptation 209gested by
Page 233 and 234: The Classic Adaptation 211Table 6.9
Page 235 and 236: The Classic Adaptation 213.''-...,,
Page 237 and 238: The Classic Adaptation 215chalcedon
Page 239 and 240: Table 6.11. Projected ceramic consu
Page 241 and 242: The Classic Adaptation 219structure
Page 243 and 244: The Classic Adaptation 221Bonito, w
Page 245 and 246: The Classic Adaptation 223number of
Page 247 and 248: Chapter SevenThe Final Years (A.D.
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Page 251 and 252: ~ ___The Final Years 229RIR2R3__..i
Page 253 and 254: The Final Years 2311964) included c
Page 255 and 256: The Final Years 233, ,o J 2 3METERS
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Page 261 and 262: The Final Years 239most often with
Page 263 and 264: The Final Years 241severe drought f
Page 265 and 266: The Final Years 243ceramic types, b
Page 267: Chapter EightRelated Communities in
Page 271 and 272: • WALL.ACESKUNK SPRINGS IIIIII ST
Page 273 and 274: • ESCALANTE.IDA JEAN• WALLACESK
Page 275 and 276: Related Communities 253(Marshall et
Page 277 and 278: Related Communities 255foodstuffs k
Page 279 and 280: Related Communities 257and cupule w
Page 281 and 282: GWeST. ( )~1 PIERRE'S~I ~.~~ ~ .•
Page 283 and 284: Related Communities 261possibility
Page 285 and 286: Related Communities 263by the Red M
Page 287: Related Communities 265when the div
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Page 292 and 293: 270 Chaco Project Synthesiswas not
Page 294 and 295: 272 Chaco Project SynthesisCanyon r
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Page 298 and 299: 276 Chaco Project Synthesislayout,
Page 300 and 301: 278 Chaco Project Synthesisleadersh
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Page 304 and 305: 282 Chaco Project SynthesisDiscussi
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Page 308 and 309: 286 Chaco Project Synthesis• chan
Page 310 and 311: 288 Chaco Project Synthesiswatered
Page 312 and 313: 290 Chaco Project SynthesisEven ear
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296 Chaco Project Synthesisnecessar
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Chapter TenHistoric Period StudiesE
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Historic Period Studies 301control
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Historic Period Studies 303Chaco Pr
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Historic Period Studies 305Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 307Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 309lived in
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Historic Period Studies 311Warburto
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Figure 10.9.Map 2, locating Histori
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Figure 10.11. Map 4, locating Histo
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Figure 10.13. Map 6, locating Histo
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Figure 10.15. Map 8, which combines
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Historic Period Studies 321(_ 29SJI
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Historic Period Studies 323informat
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Historic Period Studies 325as stove
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Historic Period Studies 327them els
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Historic Period Studies 329the case
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Chapter ElevenThe Chaco Project fro
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A Broader Perspective 333Among arch
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A Broader Perspective 335Assuming t
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Table 11.2. Population thresholds i
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A Broader Perspective 339whom fall
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A Broader Perspective 341Table 11.3
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A Broader Perspective 343that is re
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Appendix AExcavated Sites in Chaco
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Table A.1. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.2. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.3. Sites excavated or exami
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Table A.3. (cont' d.)Site Name Site
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Table A.4. Sites excavated or exami
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Table AA. (cont'd.)Site Name Site N
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Table A.5. (cont'd.)Site No. Site N
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Table A.S. (cont'd.)5ite No. 5ite N
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Appendix BChronology ChartsThrougho
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Appendix B 365Table B.3. Dominant c
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Table B.4. (cont'd.)Pecos Classific
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Appendix CThe Chaco Synthesis Proje
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Appendix C 371Table C.l. The organi
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Appendix C 373Table C.3. The Chaco
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Appendix C 375Table C.5. Chaco, Mes
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Appendix C 377Table C.7. The capsto
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Appendix C 379Table C.S.In Search o
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382 Chaco Project SynthesisArcheolo
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384 Chaco Project SynthesisBinford,
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386 Chaco Project SynthesisMexico,
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388 Chaco Project SynthesisMonument
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390 Chaco Project SynthesisDoyel, D
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392 Chaco Project SynthesisUniversi
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-~ -- - -- ------394 Chaco Project
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396 Chaco Project SynthesisAmerican
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398 Chaco Project SynthesisMiscella
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400 Chaco Project SynthesisKlausner
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402 Chaco Project SynthesisLoose, R
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404 Chaco Project SynthesisPrice, p
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406 Chaco Project Synthesis1984 The
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408 Chaco Project SynthesisOrtiz, A
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410 Chaco Project SynthesisPsycholo
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412 Chaco Project SynthesisSchoenwe
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414 Chaco Project SynthesisSprague,
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416 Chaco Project Synthesis2000 Mac
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418 Chaco Project Synthesis1970b As
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420 Chaco Project SynthesisWhaley,
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-----------------------422 Chaco Pr
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Indexabandonment, and dispersion, 2
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Index 427bow and arrow, 63, 99Bradf
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Index 429demography: community, mar
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Index 431Hack, J. T., 32Half House,
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Index 433Little Colorado (River) ar
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Index 435population as a system, 33
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Index 437264, and nearest-neighbor
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Index 43929Mc391 structure, 30929SJ
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Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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