Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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234 Chaco Project Synthesis, Iii, ,'I ,I IRI2 ", ,I t, ,, ,---.11 __ _R9,.---....., -- ..... "/ " ,\\I ]Figure 7.8. Map of Leyit Kin. (faken from Truell 1986:Figure A.I02. Original by Dutton 1938.)
-- -- - - - - -- - ~- -~-------- - ----- - -~The Final Years 235archival material at other institutions brought forthsome previously unavailable data from past excavations.Surveys carried out as part of the ChacoProject, and later by Windes, as well as limitedexcavations and analyses, provided information on thisleast understood period in and around Chaco Canyon.Archival ResearchExamination of Roberts's field notes (SmithsonianInstitution National Anthropological Archives,No. 485; Chaco Culture NHP, Archive No. 2108)and written materials obtained from the HarvardPeabody Museum shed light on three additional siteswith evidence for late occupation. Two small sitesnear Wijiji were excavated by Roberts in 1926(Roberts 1927:246-247). One large pueblo was excavatedby Tozzer and Farabee in 1901 (Andrews 1970;Mathien 2002). Pertinent details follow.Turkey House, or Roberts's Small House, is nowidentified as 29SJ2385 (Truell 1986:Table 2.1). It islocated at the foot of talus that flows out from thecliffs on the south side of the Chaco Wash, just east ofShabik' eshchee Village. Roberts excavated nine ofpossibly 10 rooms and the East Court in this Be-likestructure. There are probably one to three kivas inthis site (TruellI986:Table 2.1). In Room 6, threefloors were identified; a northeast comer fireplace wasassociated with the uppermost floor, which contrastswith a center fireplace described for the middle floor.Comer firepits were also recorded in rooms 4, 7, and8. Remains of turkey were abundant throughout therooms. Several burials were recovered from therooms and the trash midden. Akins (1986:Table B.l)associated six burials from the trash midden withGallup Black-on-white ceramics; burials recoveredfrom the house (e.g., an adult male in the northeastcorner of Room 7, and a young child covered by astone slab in the East Court) were placed in anunidentified later period. Pottery types from the siteinclude some early types; for rooms 1 through 5,Mesa Verde pottery and some red wares were present.The second small site excavated by Roberts,located one mile east of Turkey House, has not beenassigned a name or survey number. From the availablenotes, it is difficult to determine its plan.Roberts excavated at least three rooms (rooms 6, 7,and 9), where several children and adults, accom-panied by Mesa Verde ceramics but little else (Akins1986: 105), were found on the floors. Although mostburials were represented by numerous skeletal parts;in Room 7, only the skulls of two children wererecovered.The Mesa Tierra great house (LA 17220) wasdescribed by Roney (1995, 1996) as one of a few largeisolated sites dating to the Mesa Verde period. It islocated on a mesa top just west of Chaco Canyon andwas excavated in 1901. Farabee (1901) estimated thatit contained approximately 40 rooms, but only 25could be traced. Seven rooms and three kivas wereexcavated. Walls were badly eroded; a few photographssuggest use of irregularly shaped rocks forconstruction. One human skull was recovered in ahearth in the kiva (Room 8). Ground stone, bone, andcerawic artifacts were predominant (Mathien2002:Table 2). Excavated ceramic types includedPinedale Polychrome, st. Johns Polychrome, andMesa Verde-type sherds (Andrews 1970). Ceramicsfrom a survey sample (Marshall et al. 1979:79)included Mesa Verde Black-on-white (most common),Wingate Polychrome, st. Johns Polychrome, and aKwakina-style polychrome, which suggest an A.D.1200s assemblage.Data from these three sites reinforce the conclusionthat there was reuse of earlier small sites, butwhether this indicates decreased population orabandonment and reuse was not apparent. The locationof the great house in a defensive position, theirregular masonry, and the late ceramic types indicatethat new construction of a large site did take place tothe west of the canyon.SurveyHayes (1981) acknowledged overlap in the use ofsmall and large sites, with two types of large sitesBonito-style and McElmo-style architecture-fromabout A.D. 1075 to the mid-A.D. 1200s. Based onarchitectural traits (fine-banded, darker sandstonemasonry, vs. large, shaped blocks of lighter soft sandstone)recorded during survey, Hayes (1981 :20, 29-34) subdivided the Pueblo III period into early (A.D.1050 to 1275) and late (A.D. 1275 to 1350) phases,but noted that there was much confusion in ceramictypes (the early presence of Mesa Verde Black-onwhite).For Early Pueblo III, he considered an early
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- --- - - --~ -----31D / D-9tcCultu
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--------Culture and Ecology ofChaco
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3. THE PRECERAMIC PERIOD IN CHACO C
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History of the Chaco Navajo '" . .
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~~~-------3.21. Overview of Sheep C
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10.12. Map 5, locating Historic per
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-- - -- - ---- ~----- - --B.I. Cera
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List of participants in the School
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1971, Robert H. Lister, then at the
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Personnel associated with the Chaco
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For this volume, lowe special thank
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2 Chaco Project Synthesis50. J •
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4 Chaco Project Synthesisand the fe
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6 Chaco Project Synthesispainted Es
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10 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 1.
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14 Chaco Project SynthesisCompariso
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16 Chaco Project SynthesisDuring ex
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18 Chaco Project Synthesisobsidian
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Chapter TwoThe Environment and Natu
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-- --------------------- --------En
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Environment and Natural Resources 2
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Environment and Natural Resources 2
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~~~--~~~~ --30 Chaco Project Synthe
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32 Chaco Project SynthesisA few yea
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------------------------.34 Chaco P
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36 Chaco Project Synthesismeasureme
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38 Chaco Project SynthesisLybrook,
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40 Chaco Project Synthesis
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44 Chaco Project Synthesisflavescen
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46 Chaco Project Synthesisnel prese
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-------48 Chaco Project SynthesisYI
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50 Chaco Project Synthesiswas proba
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52 Chaco Project Synthesis1981 [sic
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901to925950to9751001to10251050to107
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56 Chaco Project Synthesisamined th
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62 Chaco Project Synthesisto the So
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64 Chaco Project SynthesisTable 3.1
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70 Chaco Project Synthesisshallow c
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72 Chaco Project Synthesis..... ~--
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74 Chaco Project Synthesis./-""\I \
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76 Chaco Project Synthesis.. N20 I-
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78 Chaco Project Synthesisthe first
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----------------80 Chaco Project Sy
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--------86 Chaco Project Synthesis.
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-------------- ._----------88 Chaco
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90 Chaco Project SynthesisThe secon
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92 Chaco Project SynthesisYears B.P
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94 Chaco Project Synthesispression
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----------------------96 Chaco Proj
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--------------------- ~~~~-~~-100 C
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Figure 4.2.Identified Basketmaker I
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ooo00 0o 0 00o 0 0qo000 00 "~""" 0~
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•BftlO€)•••• oI
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Output File Types 115Intensity File
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 111stor
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 113and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 115peop
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 117and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 119Fami
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 121by a
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------- - -----------------Basketma
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--------Basketmaker III to Pueblo I
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Chapter FiveThe Florescence of the
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The Florescence 131ExcavationsData
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------ -- - -- --The Florescence 13
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FP5ooo1
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Plthou •• C~f 8 0 0-: ~oo:~g(_-
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TRASH MOUNDoIoFigure 5.5. Map of 29
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The Florescence 141on-white, and Ga
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The Florescence 143Other Small Hous
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\ I\ II :: \1 I: I a ..\\\ l .-'';~
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II/ffII,II( /IMOOI:AIIaccOSIl(lAC,"
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IffFI//II/IIjI,//III" 1111001:"'"II
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, ,, fI f, If ,I f/ ,"If MCOCR~I A[
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Great No1lh Road J• StoifS.......
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,I MC~t~ij/ ':'.b'_''"'o/!PUEBLO AL
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The Florescence 157Recently Wills (
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The Florescence 159Figure 5.19.Earl
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"I----_\---~~--.-';--_:::::'y',..~f
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The Florescence 163rough-sort metho
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The Florescence 165Ceramics dating
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The Florescence 167Figure 5.24.Alta
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The Florescence 169Bonito phase str
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The Florescence 171Three road-relat
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The Florescence 173Figure 5.29.Aeri
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The Florescence 175construction cou
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Chapter SixThe Classic Adaptation W
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The Classic Adaptation 179were abov
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The Classic Adaptation 181upland ar
Page 205 and 206: The Classic Adaptation 183Estimated
Page 207 and 208: The Classic Adaptation 185which are
Page 209 and 210: Table 6.5. (cont'd.)Population Esti
Page 211 and 212: Table 6.7. Windes's small-house pop
Page 213 and 214: --_._-- -------The Classic Adaptati
Page 215 and 216: The Classic Adaptation 193sp.); buc
Page 217 and 218: The Classic Adaptation 195e.g., a d
Page 219 and 220: The Classic Adaptation 197block siz
Page 221 and 222: The Classic Adaptation 199and fir b
Page 223 and 224: The Classic Adaptation 201between f
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Page 227 and 228: The Classic Adaptation 205in and ar
Page 229 and 230: Table 6.8. (cont'd.)FeatureExamples
Page 231 and 232: The Classic Adaptation 209gested by
Page 233 and 234: The Classic Adaptation 211Table 6.9
Page 235 and 236: The Classic Adaptation 213.''-...,,
Page 237 and 238: The Classic Adaptation 215chalcedon
Page 239 and 240: Table 6.11. Projected ceramic consu
Page 241 and 242: The Classic Adaptation 219structure
Page 243 and 244: The Classic Adaptation 221Bonito, w
Page 245 and 246: The Classic Adaptation 223number of
Page 247 and 248: Chapter SevenThe Final Years (A.D.
Page 249 and 250: 117'1[ .....II)...0"'1.111"'tlll~'[
Page 251 and 252: ~ ___The Final Years 229RIR2R3__..i
Page 253 and 254: The Final Years 2311964) included c
Page 255: The Final Years 233, ,o J 2 3METERS
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Page 261 and 262: The Final Years 239most often with
Page 263 and 264: The Final Years 241severe drought f
Page 265 and 266: The Final Years 243ceramic types, b
Page 267 and 268: Chapter EightRelated Communities in
Page 269 and 270: Related Communities 247Calendrical0
Page 271 and 272: • WALL.ACESKUNK SPRINGS IIIIII ST
Page 273 and 274: • ESCALANTE.IDA JEAN• WALLACESK
Page 275 and 276: Related Communities 253(Marshall et
Page 277 and 278: Related Communities 255foodstuffs k
Page 279 and 280: Related Communities 257and cupule w
Page 281 and 282: GWeST. ( )~1 PIERRE'S~I ~.~~ ~ .•
Page 283 and 284: Related Communities 261possibility
Page 285 and 286: Related Communities 263by the Red M
Page 287: Related Communities 265when the div
Page 290 and 291: 268 Chaco Project Synthesismigrated
Page 292 and 293: 270 Chaco Project Synthesiswas not
Page 294 and 295: 272 Chaco Project SynthesisCanyon r
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Page 298 and 299: 276 Chaco Project Synthesislayout,
Page 300 and 301: 278 Chaco Project Synthesisleadersh
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Page 304 and 305: 282 Chaco Project SynthesisDiscussi
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284 Chaco Project Synthesissedentiz
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286 Chaco Project Synthesis• chan
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288 Chaco Project Synthesiswatered
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290 Chaco Project SynthesisEven ear
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292 Chaco Project Synthesis1954:65)
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294 Chaco Project Synthesisp337123
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296 Chaco Project Synthesisnecessar
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Chapter TenHistoric Period StudiesE
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Historic Period Studies 301control
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Historic Period Studies 303Chaco Pr
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Historic Period Studies 305Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 307Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 309lived in
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Historic Period Studies 311Warburto
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Figure 10.9.Map 2, locating Histori
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Figure 10.11. Map 4, locating Histo
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Figure 10.13. Map 6, locating Histo
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Figure 10.15. Map 8, which combines
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Historic Period Studies 321(_ 29SJI
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Historic Period Studies 323informat
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Historic Period Studies 325as stove
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Historic Period Studies 327them els
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Historic Period Studies 329the case
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Chapter ElevenThe Chaco Project fro
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A Broader Perspective 333Among arch
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A Broader Perspective 335Assuming t
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Table 11.2. Population thresholds i
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A Broader Perspective 339whom fall
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A Broader Perspective 341Table 11.3
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A Broader Perspective 343that is re
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Appendix AExcavated Sites in Chaco
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Table A.1. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.2. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.3. Sites excavated or exami
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Table A.3. (cont' d.)Site Name Site
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Table A.4. Sites excavated or exami
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Table AA. (cont'd.)Site Name Site N
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Table A.5. (cont'd.)Site No. Site N
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Table A.S. (cont'd.)5ite No. 5ite N
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Appendix BChronology ChartsThrougho
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Appendix B 365Table B.3. Dominant c
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Table B.4. (cont'd.)Pecos Classific
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Appendix CThe Chaco Synthesis Proje
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Appendix C 371Table C.l. The organi
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Appendix C 373Table C.3. The Chaco
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Appendix C 375Table C.5. Chaco, Mes
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Appendix C 377Table C.7. The capsto
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Appendix C 379Table C.S.In Search o
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382 Chaco Project SynthesisArcheolo
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384 Chaco Project SynthesisBinford,
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386 Chaco Project SynthesisMexico,
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388 Chaco Project SynthesisMonument
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390 Chaco Project SynthesisDoyel, D
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392 Chaco Project SynthesisUniversi
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-~ -- - -- ------394 Chaco Project
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396 Chaco Project SynthesisAmerican
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398 Chaco Project SynthesisMiscella
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400 Chaco Project SynthesisKlausner
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402 Chaco Project SynthesisLoose, R
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404 Chaco Project SynthesisPrice, p
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406 Chaco Project Synthesis1984 The
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408 Chaco Project SynthesisOrtiz, A
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410 Chaco Project SynthesisPsycholo
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412 Chaco Project SynthesisSchoenwe
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414 Chaco Project SynthesisSprague,
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416 Chaco Project Synthesis2000 Mac
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418 Chaco Project Synthesis1970b As
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420 Chaco Project SynthesisWhaley,
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-----------------------422 Chaco Pr
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Indexabandonment, and dispersion, 2
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Index 427bow and arrow, 63, 99Bradf
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Index 429demography: community, mar
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Index 431Hack, J. T., 32Half House,
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Index 433Little Colorado (River) ar
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Index 435population as a system, 33
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Index 437264, and nearest-neighbor
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Index 43929Mc391 structure, 30929SJ
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Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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