Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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--" 0'-;u",'60::~.2Il.U..'"~ cc: c0 2O>uCIO ..Co0 ::=.u_OJQl -:'6 ~ ....::.~O"l_O!:..~~ ~~.:;~~or----VcnD~(2005l___,co .. (1\.2 .. .. ~~-=:.~:~~Reiii) ~a; ¥It::" :;~ "'-!~£. 0;; " ~ c> ..., 0"'OJ"';::. r a: :r Q. .=~ ~~t9.ll .,.:; a: ~;::. ~;::.~~130012001100'000900800o«~ 100~600-P ....'blo IIIPueblo. 1IPueblD IBosketmOKer miQ. ~ Lote PuebloID' Meso Verde. 0 2 1200, 1220-1320 Post -S,.st• ..,.,"-MHO Verde Lofe PU$blolIl Mesa V.rdea> "f!~ U; Loti Bon,to DC ~OO "30-12W~COUOPH McElmo Pueblom t.lic['mo0801'\1\0 Pho§.e :!:~ 1120- 1220Great Pueblu, "- ELot. IIOO~'"(orll Puebo m:M14dl. ! 100, fUoorQol'lllol ion Lote Bonito Eorl),Pu.blom lQre Bon I to'--- lOle 1000. CIOUIC Son-ito E,;ponl1on OG 400 IO!()-I!~O00s5IC BOnito Lote f\ul'blo n CloniC BonitoHo"o Butte 1020 -1120PhaseForm~;lofIOt'lLof!-Pueb1oli [arly-Mid 1000.Ifl 0. t .. Eo,ty BOl'1ito~id-lole 900,Eori)' P .. eblollWII'I.g.ote PhonEortJ 8011.10Early BOnito9'1'0-1020 Inllio\ilotlDn DG 300Early PuebloD: 890-1025Olvelopmenlo1Red Meso Phose Rid Me\oPhose Eotl)'·M,d 900, ~t.PI-Eorl'fPltPueblo820-920K1Q~ulhlC)nno pt\Pueblo I?ueb\o I Pre - System OG20DKIOhJthlonn.QPh Mld-Lala1OCX While Mound Whl1e MoundModlf'ed8asIH:fmakt"rWhite Mo.md Ph.I 700-820 --- 700-900 tarty Pueblo IWhileMOllnd PhLQ Plato Pr,o'5oeEotly 700\ ---lot.600. ~~-noBOS1(,fmOktr.JI DGIOO BosHlmoll.ermLa Plata PhO"! La Floto La Ploto!!10O, ., !)QDs 8DJ1o.elmokermIlOOIlOOI 100. 000900saorooGOO:'00~oo400Bos~etmoke' ItBO$kelmo,erBrO«'I'I'llWoreLateBo.llt1moke~nBrowrr\Jrare400300B-osk"tmoke' JIArchOIC300200100aArchOICI200, DOoFigure B.l.Correlation of Pecos classification with various assigned dates and phase terminology as applied to ChacoCanyon (1924-2001).
Appendix CThe Chaco Synthesis ProjectAs completion of the publications of the NPSChaco Project drew to a close, the importance of reevaluatingthe results and interpretations of the datafrom the Pueblo adaptation, along with continuingresearch by younger scholars and experts from otherareas, became evident. The Chaco Synthesis Project,under the direction of Stephen H. Lekson, \1Iasdesigned to address specific topics during a series ofsmall conferences, and to bring these discussionstogether in a capstone conference that would presentthe latest interpretations. It was important todisseminate information on these conferences asquickly as possible and to make the results available tothe Native American community and the generalpublic as well.Throughout the project, there have been manyopportunities for scholars and laymen to trackprogress. Interim reports were provided. Lekson andBurd prepared a brief review entitled "A NewSynthesis of Chaco Canyon Archaeology, " which waspublished in Anthropology News 41(9),2000. Leksonand Burd (2001; foreword in Society and Polity-TableC.2) wrote a mid-project overview. Summaries of themini-conferences also appeared in ArchaeologySouthwest 14(1), Winter 2000. Included in the latterwere:"Ancient Chaco's New History," by Stephen H.Lekson, pp. 1-4;"Economy and Ecology, " by R. Gwinn Vivian, pp. 5-7· ,"Organization of Production," by Catherine M.Cameron and H. Wolcott Toll, pp. 8-9;"Architecture," by Stephen H. Lekson, pp. 12-14;"Chaco World," by Nancy Mahoney, pp. 15-17; and"Society and Polity," by Linda S. Cordell and W.James Judge, pp. 18-19.These summaries alerted interested researchers to thedire~tions in which the mini-conferences were headingand that they should expect more extensive reports ofthe results.The professional publications, summarized inTables C.l through C.7, indicate where these resultsappear, either as published papers or books, or in awebsite database.Several popular volumes are also based, in part,on the Chaco Synthesis Project. Brian Fagan (ChacoCanyon. Archaeologists Explore the Lives of anAncient Society, Oxford University Press, New York,2005) graciously took on the job of presenting apersonal view that incorporated lessons learned fromhis work in Africa. At the same time, David GrantNoble (2004) had been planning to update an earlieredited collection of papers; he was able to expand thecoverage and obtain many additional viewpoints(Table C.8). Additionally, Kendrick Frazier (2005)revised his volume entitled People of Chaco: ACanyon and Its Culture.Two websites contain information about thesynthesis project at its inception and its end (http://www.colorado.edu/Conferences/Chaco.cdarc.org; andhttp://www.srifoundation. org/Chaco/Chaco.htrnl).John Kantner designed and maintains the Chaco W orIdwebsite at http://sipapu.gsu.edu/Chacoworld.htrnl,which he updates as new information becomesavailable.
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--------Culture and Ecology ofChaco
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3. THE PRECERAMIC PERIOD IN CHACO C
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History of the Chaco Navajo '" . .
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~~~-------3.21. Overview of Sheep C
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10.12. Map 5, locating Historic per
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-- - -- - ---- ~----- - --B.I. Cera
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List of participants in the School
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1971, Robert H. Lister, then at the
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Personnel associated with the Chaco
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For this volume, lowe special thank
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2 Chaco Project Synthesis50. J •
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4 Chaco Project Synthesisand the fe
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6 Chaco Project Synthesispainted Es
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10 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 1.
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14 Chaco Project SynthesisCompariso
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16 Chaco Project SynthesisDuring ex
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18 Chaco Project Synthesisobsidian
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Chapter TwoThe Environment and Natu
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-- --------------------- --------En
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Environment and Natural Resources 2
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Environment and Natural Resources 2
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~~~--~~~~ --30 Chaco Project Synthe
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32 Chaco Project SynthesisA few yea
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------------------------.34 Chaco P
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36 Chaco Project Synthesismeasureme
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38 Chaco Project SynthesisLybrook,
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40 Chaco Project Synthesis
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44 Chaco Project Synthesisflavescen
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46 Chaco Project Synthesisnel prese
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-------48 Chaco Project SynthesisYI
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50 Chaco Project Synthesiswas proba
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52 Chaco Project Synthesis1981 [sic
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901to925950to9751001to10251050to107
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56 Chaco Project Synthesisamined th
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62 Chaco Project Synthesisto the So
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64 Chaco Project SynthesisTable 3.1
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70 Chaco Project Synthesisshallow c
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72 Chaco Project Synthesis..... ~--
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74 Chaco Project Synthesis./-""\I \
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76 Chaco Project Synthesis.. N20 I-
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78 Chaco Project Synthesisthe first
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----------------80 Chaco Project Sy
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--------86 Chaco Project Synthesis.
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-------------- ._----------88 Chaco
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90 Chaco Project SynthesisThe secon
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92 Chaco Project SynthesisYears B.P
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94 Chaco Project Synthesispression
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----------------------96 Chaco Proj
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--------------------- ~~~~-~~-100 C
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Figure 4.2.Identified Basketmaker I
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ooo00 0o 0 00o 0 0qo000 00 "~""" 0~
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•BftlO€)•••• oI
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Output File Types 115Intensity File
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 111stor
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 113and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 115peop
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 117and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 119Fami
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 121by a
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------- - -----------------Basketma
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--------Basketmaker III to Pueblo I
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Chapter FiveThe Florescence of the
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The Florescence 131ExcavationsData
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------ -- - -- --The Florescence 13
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FP5ooo1
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Plthou •• C~f 8 0 0-: ~oo:~g(_-
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TRASH MOUNDoIoFigure 5.5. Map of 29
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The Florescence 141on-white, and Ga
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The Florescence 143Other Small Hous
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\ I\ II :: \1 I: I a ..\\\ l .-'';~
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II/ffII,II( /IMOOI:AIIaccOSIl(lAC,"
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IffFI//II/IIjI,//III" 1111001:"'"II
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, ,, fI f, If ,I f/ ,"If MCOCR~I A[
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Great No1lh Road J• StoifS.......
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,I MC~t~ij/ ':'.b'_''"'o/!PUEBLO AL
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The Florescence 157Recently Wills (
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The Florescence 159Figure 5.19.Earl
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"I----_\---~~--.-';--_:::::'y',..~f
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The Florescence 163rough-sort metho
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The Florescence 165Ceramics dating
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The Florescence 167Figure 5.24.Alta
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The Florescence 169Bonito phase str
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The Florescence 171Three road-relat
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The Florescence 173Figure 5.29.Aeri
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The Florescence 175construction cou
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Chapter SixThe Classic Adaptation W
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The Classic Adaptation 179were abov
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The Classic Adaptation 181upland ar
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The Classic Adaptation 183Estimated
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The Classic Adaptation 185which are
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Table 6.5. (cont'd.)Population Esti
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Table 6.7. Windes's small-house pop
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--_._-- -------The Classic Adaptati
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The Classic Adaptation 193sp.); buc
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The Classic Adaptation 195e.g., a d
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The Classic Adaptation 197block siz
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The Classic Adaptation 199and fir b
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The Classic Adaptation 201between f
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340 \I,II320 "• I......---5 - Yea
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The Classic Adaptation 205in and ar
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Table 6.8. (cont'd.)FeatureExamples
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The Classic Adaptation 209gested by
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The Classic Adaptation 211Table 6.9
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The Classic Adaptation 213.''-...,,
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The Classic Adaptation 215chalcedon
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Table 6.11. Projected ceramic consu
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The Classic Adaptation 219structure
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The Classic Adaptation 221Bonito, w
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The Classic Adaptation 223number of
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Chapter SevenThe Final Years (A.D.
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117'1[ .....II)...0"'1.111"'tlll~'[
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~ ___The Final Years 229RIR2R3__..i
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The Final Years 2311964) included c
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The Final Years 233, ,o J 2 3METERS
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-- -- - - - - -- - ~- -~-------- -
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_ - ~2 - -1 __ R_4_---J __ R_6_~R3R
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The Final Years 239most often with
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The Final Years 241severe drought f
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The Final Years 243ceramic types, b
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Chapter EightRelated Communities in
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Related Communities 247Calendrical0
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• WALL.ACESKUNK SPRINGS IIIIII ST
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• ESCALANTE.IDA JEAN• WALLACESK
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Related Communities 253(Marshall et
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Related Communities 255foodstuffs k
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Related Communities 257and cupule w
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GWeST. ( )~1 PIERRE'S~I ~.~~ ~ .•
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Related Communities 261possibility
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Related Communities 263by the Red M
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Related Communities 265when the div
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268 Chaco Project Synthesismigrated
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270 Chaco Project Synthesiswas not
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272 Chaco Project SynthesisCanyon r
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274 Chaco Project Synthesisgreater
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276 Chaco Project Synthesislayout,
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278 Chaco Project Synthesisleadersh
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-- -~----280 Chaco Project Synthesi
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282 Chaco Project SynthesisDiscussi
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284 Chaco Project Synthesissedentiz
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286 Chaco Project Synthesis• chan
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288 Chaco Project Synthesiswatered
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290 Chaco Project SynthesisEven ear
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292 Chaco Project Synthesis1954:65)
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294 Chaco Project Synthesisp337123
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296 Chaco Project Synthesisnecessar
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Chapter TenHistoric Period StudiesE
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Historic Period Studies 301control
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Historic Period Studies 303Chaco Pr
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Historic Period Studies 305Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 307Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 309lived in
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Historic Period Studies 311Warburto
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Figure 10.9.Map 2, locating Histori
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Figure 10.11. Map 4, locating Histo
Page 339 and 340: Figure 10.13. Map 6, locating Histo
Page 341 and 342: Figure 10.15. Map 8, which combines
Page 343 and 344: Historic Period Studies 321(_ 29SJI
Page 345 and 346: Historic Period Studies 323informat
Page 347 and 348: Historic Period Studies 325as stove
Page 349 and 350: Historic Period Studies 327them els
Page 351 and 352: Historic Period Studies 329the case
Page 353 and 354: Chapter ElevenThe Chaco Project fro
Page 355 and 356: A Broader Perspective 333Among arch
Page 357 and 358: A Broader Perspective 335Assuming t
Page 359 and 360: Table 11.2. Population thresholds i
Page 361 and 362: A Broader Perspective 339whom fall
Page 363 and 364: A Broader Perspective 341Table 11.3
Page 365 and 366: A Broader Perspective 343that is re
Page 367 and 368: Appendix AExcavated Sites in Chaco
Page 369 and 370: Table A.1. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
Page 371 and 372: Table A.2. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
Page 373 and 374: Table A.3. Sites excavated or exami
Page 375 and 376: Table A.3. (cont' d.)Site Name Site
Page 377 and 378: Table A.4. Sites excavated or exami
Page 379 and 380: Table AA. (cont'd.)Site Name Site N
Page 381 and 382: Table A.5. (cont'd.)Site No. Site N
Page 383 and 384: Table A.S. (cont'd.)5ite No. 5ite N
Page 385 and 386: Appendix BChronology ChartsThrougho
Page 387 and 388: Appendix B 365Table B.3. Dominant c
Page 389: Table B.4. (cont'd.)Pecos Classific
Page 393 and 394: Appendix C 371Table C.l. The organi
Page 395 and 396: Appendix C 373Table C.3. The Chaco
Page 397 and 398: Appendix C 375Table C.5. Chaco, Mes
Page 399 and 400: Appendix C 377Table C.7. The capsto
Page 401: Appendix C 379Table C.S.In Search o
Page 404 and 405: 382 Chaco Project SynthesisArcheolo
Page 406 and 407: 384 Chaco Project SynthesisBinford,
Page 408 and 409: 386 Chaco Project SynthesisMexico,
Page 410 and 411: 388 Chaco Project SynthesisMonument
Page 412 and 413: 390 Chaco Project SynthesisDoyel, D
Page 414 and 415: 392 Chaco Project SynthesisUniversi
Page 416 and 417: -~ -- - -- ------394 Chaco Project
Page 418 and 419: 396 Chaco Project SynthesisAmerican
Page 420 and 421: 398 Chaco Project SynthesisMiscella
Page 422 and 423: 400 Chaco Project SynthesisKlausner
Page 424 and 425: 402 Chaco Project SynthesisLoose, R
Page 426 and 427: 404 Chaco Project SynthesisPrice, p
Page 428 and 429: 406 Chaco Project Synthesis1984 The
Page 430 and 431: 408 Chaco Project SynthesisOrtiz, A
Page 432 and 433: 410 Chaco Project SynthesisPsycholo
Page 434 and 435: 412 Chaco Project SynthesisSchoenwe
Page 436 and 437: 414 Chaco Project SynthesisSprague,
Page 438 and 439: 416 Chaco Project Synthesis2000 Mac
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418 Chaco Project Synthesis1970b As
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420 Chaco Project SynthesisWhaley,
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-----------------------422 Chaco Pr
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Indexabandonment, and dispersion, 2
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Index 427bow and arrow, 63, 99Bradf
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Index 429demography: community, mar
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Index 431Hack, J. T., 32Half House,
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Index 433Little Colorado (River) ar
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Index 435population as a system, 33
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Index 437264, and nearest-neighbor
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Index 43929Mc391 structure, 30929SJ
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Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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