Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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History of the Chaco Navajo '" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 322Related Research Projects ......................................... 325Assessment of the Research ...................................... " 32811. THE CHACO PROJECT FROM A BROADER PERSPECTIVE .............. " 331Two Studies in Culture and Ecology .................................. 331Binford's Hunter-Gatherer Studies .............................. 332A. Johnson's Southwestern Horticulturalists ........................ 338Implications for Chaco Canyon and Future Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 342APPENDICES ..................................................... 345A. EXCAVATED SITES IN CHACO CANYON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 345B. CHRONOLOGY CHARTS ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 363C. THE CHACO SYNTHESIS PROJECT ................................ 369REFERENCES ..................................................... 381INDEX ........................................................ " 425vi
Figures1.1. Map outlining the San Juan Basin, which is located at the southeastern edge of .the Colorado Plateau .............................................. 21.2. Map of the Chaco Basin ............................................ 31.3. Map of Chaco Culture NHP, locating Pueblo sites excavated by the Chaco Project ....... 51.4. 1929 oblique aerial photograph of Chetro Ketl .............................. 91.5. 1929 aerial photograph of small house site and unfinished great house (29S12384)excavated by Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 102.1. Map of the 19 sub-basins of the Chaco Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 232.2. Geomorphic features of the Chaco arroyo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 272.3. Schematic cross-section of alluvial fill in the Chaco Wash ..................... 292.4. Precipitation contours for the San Juan Basin ............................. , 332.5. Vegetation map of Chaco Canyon prepared by Potter and Kelley (1980) ............ 392.6. Environmental changes in Chaco Canyon ................................ 482.7. Environmental reconstruction based on study of macrobotanical remains recoveredfrom pack rat middens ............................................ 492.8. PDSI plotted in 25-year increments from A.D. 901 through 1325 ................ , 543.1. Archaic and Basketmaker II sites recorded during the inventory survey . . . . . . . . . . . .. 653.2. Examples of Archaic and Basketmaker III dart points and preforms ............... 693.3. Location of Archaic sites near Cly's Canyon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 713.4. Location of Archaic rockshelters and dune sites investigated in the rincon westof Cly's Canyon ................................................ 723.5. Overview of 29SJ1118, a stone masonry quarry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 733.6. Overview of 29SJ116 ............................................ , 733.7. Map of excavations at 29SJ116 ...................................... , 743.8. Overview of 29S1126 ............................................. 753.9. Map of excavations at 29SJl26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 763.10. Map of trenches at 29SJl26, indicating materials recorded during excavation . . . . . . . .. 773.11. Overview of Atlatl Cave and Owl Roost Shelter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 793.12. Overview of AtIatl Cave with steep talus visible in foreground .................. 793.13. Map of Atlatl Cave, showing grid layout and excavated areas ................... 803.14. Map of Atlatl Cave, showing areas A and B, the locations of artifact concentrations. . . .. 813.15. Pictographs in Atlatl Cave, including the broad-shouldered man. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 833.16. Sandal and atlatl fragment recovered from Grid 30, Area B, of Atlatl Cave .......... 833.17. Overview of dune ridge location of Sleeping Dune " ...................... " 843.18. Map showing relationship of Ant Hill Dune and Sleeping Dune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 853.19. Map of grid system at Sleeping Dune ................................. " 863.20. Map of grid system and artifacts recovered at Ant Hill Dune .................. " 87vii
Page 1 and 2: - --- - - --~ -----31D / D-9tcCultu
Page 3: --------Culture and Ecology ofChaco
Page 6 and 7: 3. THE PRECERAMIC PERIOD IN CHACO C
Page 10 and 11: ~~~-------3.21. Overview of Sheep C
Page 12 and 13: 10.12. Map 5, locating Historic per
Page 14 and 15: -- - -- - ---- ~----- - --B.I. Cera
Page 16 and 17: List of participants in the School
Page 18 and 19: 1971, Robert H. Lister, then at the
Page 20 and 21: Personnel associated with the Chaco
Page 22 and 23: For this volume, lowe special thank
Page 24 and 25: 2 Chaco Project Synthesis50. J •
Page 26 and 27: 4 Chaco Project Synthesisand the fe
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Page 32 and 33: 10 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 1.
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Page 36 and 37: 14 Chaco Project SynthesisCompariso
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Page 43 and 44: Chapter TwoThe Environment and Natu
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Page 47 and 48: Environment and Natural Resources 2
Page 49: Environment and Natural Resources 2
Page 52 and 53: ~~~--~~~~ --30 Chaco Project Synthe
Page 54 and 55: 32 Chaco Project SynthesisA few yea
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36 Chaco Project Synthesismeasureme
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38 Chaco Project SynthesisLybrook,
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40 Chaco Project Synthesis
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44 Chaco Project Synthesisflavescen
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46 Chaco Project Synthesisnel prese
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-------48 Chaco Project SynthesisYI
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50 Chaco Project Synthesiswas proba
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52 Chaco Project Synthesis1981 [sic
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901to925950to9751001to10251050to107
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56 Chaco Project Synthesisamined th
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62 Chaco Project Synthesisto the So
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64 Chaco Project SynthesisTable 3.1
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70 Chaco Project Synthesisshallow c
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72 Chaco Project Synthesis..... ~--
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74 Chaco Project Synthesis./-""\I \
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76 Chaco Project Synthesis.. N20 I-
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78 Chaco Project Synthesisthe first
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----------------80 Chaco Project Sy
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84 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 3.
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--------86 Chaco Project Synthesis.
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-------------- ._----------88 Chaco
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90 Chaco Project SynthesisThe secon
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92 Chaco Project SynthesisYears B.P
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94 Chaco Project Synthesispression
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----------------------96 Chaco Proj
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98 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 4.
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--------------------- ~~~~-~~-100 C
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Figure 4.2.Identified Basketmaker I
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ooo00 0o 0 00o 0 0qo000 00 "~""" 0~
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•BftlO€)•••• oI
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Output File Types 115Intensity File
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 111stor
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 113and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 115peop
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 117and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 119Fami
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 121by a
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------- - -----------------Basketma
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--------Basketmaker III to Pueblo I
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Chapter FiveThe Florescence of the
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The Florescence 131ExcavationsData
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------ -- - -- --The Florescence 13
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FP5ooo1
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Plthou •• C~f 8 0 0-: ~oo:~g(_-
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TRASH MOUNDoIoFigure 5.5. Map of 29
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The Florescence 141on-white, and Ga
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The Florescence 143Other Small Hous
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\ I\ II :: \1 I: I a ..\\\ l .-'';~
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II/ffII,II( /IMOOI:AIIaccOSIl(lAC,"
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IffFI//II/IIjI,//III" 1111001:"'"II
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, ,, fI f, If ,I f/ ,"If MCOCR~I A[
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Great No1lh Road J• StoifS.......
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,I MC~t~ij/ ':'.b'_''"'o/!PUEBLO AL
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The Florescence 157Recently Wills (
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The Florescence 159Figure 5.19.Earl
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"I----_\---~~--.-';--_:::::'y',..~f
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The Florescence 163rough-sort metho
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The Florescence 165Ceramics dating
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The Florescence 167Figure 5.24.Alta
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The Florescence 169Bonito phase str
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The Florescence 171Three road-relat
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The Florescence 173Figure 5.29.Aeri
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The Florescence 175construction cou
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Chapter SixThe Classic Adaptation W
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The Classic Adaptation 179were abov
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The Classic Adaptation 181upland ar
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The Classic Adaptation 183Estimated
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The Classic Adaptation 185which are
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Table 6.5. (cont'd.)Population Esti
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Table 6.7. Windes's small-house pop
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--_._-- -------The Classic Adaptati
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The Classic Adaptation 193sp.); buc
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The Classic Adaptation 195e.g., a d
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The Classic Adaptation 197block siz
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The Classic Adaptation 199and fir b
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The Classic Adaptation 201between f
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340 \I,II320 "• I......---5 - Yea
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The Classic Adaptation 205in and ar
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Table 6.8. (cont'd.)FeatureExamples
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The Classic Adaptation 209gested by
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The Classic Adaptation 211Table 6.9
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The Classic Adaptation 213.''-...,,
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The Classic Adaptation 215chalcedon
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Table 6.11. Projected ceramic consu
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The Classic Adaptation 219structure
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The Classic Adaptation 221Bonito, w
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The Classic Adaptation 223number of
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Chapter SevenThe Final Years (A.D.
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117'1[ .....II)...0"'1.111"'tlll~'[
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~ ___The Final Years 229RIR2R3__..i
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The Final Years 2311964) included c
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The Final Years 233, ,o J 2 3METERS
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-- -- - - - - -- - ~- -~-------- -
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_ - ~2 - -1 __ R_4_---J __ R_6_~R3R
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The Final Years 239most often with
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The Final Years 241severe drought f
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The Final Years 243ceramic types, b
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Chapter EightRelated Communities in
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Related Communities 247Calendrical0
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• WALL.ACESKUNK SPRINGS IIIIII ST
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• ESCALANTE.IDA JEAN• WALLACESK
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Related Communities 253(Marshall et
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Related Communities 255foodstuffs k
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Related Communities 257and cupule w
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GWeST. ( )~1 PIERRE'S~I ~.~~ ~ .•
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Related Communities 261possibility
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Related Communities 263by the Red M
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Related Communities 265when the div
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268 Chaco Project Synthesismigrated
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270 Chaco Project Synthesiswas not
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272 Chaco Project SynthesisCanyon r
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274 Chaco Project Synthesisgreater
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276 Chaco Project Synthesislayout,
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278 Chaco Project Synthesisleadersh
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-- -~----280 Chaco Project Synthesi
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282 Chaco Project SynthesisDiscussi
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284 Chaco Project Synthesissedentiz
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286 Chaco Project Synthesis• chan
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288 Chaco Project Synthesiswatered
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290 Chaco Project SynthesisEven ear
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292 Chaco Project Synthesis1954:65)
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294 Chaco Project Synthesisp337123
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296 Chaco Project Synthesisnecessar
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Chapter TenHistoric Period StudiesE
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Historic Period Studies 301control
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Historic Period Studies 303Chaco Pr
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Historic Period Studies 305Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 307Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 309lived in
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Historic Period Studies 311Warburto
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Figure 10.9.Map 2, locating Histori
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Figure 10.11. Map 4, locating Histo
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Figure 10.13. Map 6, locating Histo
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Figure 10.15. Map 8, which combines
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Historic Period Studies 321(_ 29SJI
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Historic Period Studies 323informat
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Historic Period Studies 325as stove
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Historic Period Studies 327them els
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Historic Period Studies 329the case
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Chapter ElevenThe Chaco Project fro
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A Broader Perspective 333Among arch
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A Broader Perspective 335Assuming t
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Table 11.2. Population thresholds i
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A Broader Perspective 339whom fall
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A Broader Perspective 341Table 11.3
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A Broader Perspective 343that is re
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Appendix AExcavated Sites in Chaco
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Table A.1. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.2. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.3. Sites excavated or exami
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Table A.3. (cont' d.)Site Name Site
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Table A.4. Sites excavated or exami
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Table AA. (cont'd.)Site Name Site N
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Table A.5. (cont'd.)Site No. Site N
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Table A.S. (cont'd.)5ite No. 5ite N
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Appendix BChronology ChartsThrougho
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Appendix B 365Table B.3. Dominant c
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Table B.4. (cont'd.)Pecos Classific
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Appendix CThe Chaco Synthesis Proje
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Appendix C 371Table C.l. The organi
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Appendix C 373Table C.3. The Chaco
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Appendix C 375Table C.5. Chaco, Mes
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Appendix C 377Table C.7. The capsto
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Appendix C 379Table C.S.In Search o
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382 Chaco Project SynthesisArcheolo
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384 Chaco Project SynthesisBinford,
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386 Chaco Project SynthesisMexico,
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388 Chaco Project SynthesisMonument
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390 Chaco Project SynthesisDoyel, D
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392 Chaco Project SynthesisUniversi
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-~ -- - -- ------394 Chaco Project
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396 Chaco Project SynthesisAmerican
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398 Chaco Project SynthesisMiscella
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400 Chaco Project SynthesisKlausner
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402 Chaco Project SynthesisLoose, R
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404 Chaco Project SynthesisPrice, p
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406 Chaco Project Synthesis1984 The
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408 Chaco Project SynthesisOrtiz, A
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410 Chaco Project SynthesisPsycholo
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412 Chaco Project SynthesisSchoenwe
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414 Chaco Project SynthesisSprague,
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416 Chaco Project Synthesis2000 Mac
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418 Chaco Project Synthesis1970b As
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420 Chaco Project SynthesisWhaley,
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-----------------------422 Chaco Pr
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Indexabandonment, and dispersion, 2
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Index 427bow and arrow, 63, 99Bradf
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Index 429demography: community, mar
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Index 431Hack, J. T., 32Half House,
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Index 433Little Colorado (River) ar
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Index 435population as a system, 33
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Index 437264, and nearest-neighbor
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Index 43929Mc391 structure, 30929SJ
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Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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