Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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Figure 10.18. Opportunities for wage labor included excavations at archaeological sites; e.g., Pueblo Bonito in 1924 during theNational Geographic Society expedition. (Courtesy of the National Geographic Society; Chaco Culture NHPMuseum Archive, no. 14, listed as being from the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology of the University of NewMexico, and described as mine cars pulled over narrow-gauge track.)
Historic Period Studies 327them elsewhere. Navajo herders who had fewer animalswere unable to use the land because they wouldincur trespass violations and repercussions frombreaking the law. Kelley also documented how a fallin livestock prices after 1940 and the forced purchaseof railroad land by Sargent between 1940 and 1944 ledto the downsizing of herds. Continued decreases inthe profitability of livestock eventually led to the saleof the Sargent Ranch in 1958 to the Navajo Nation,which had earned income through the sale of mineralleases on their lands. The land once occupied byNavajo was thereby returned to Navajo use.K. Kelley indicated how sites attributed to largescaleNavajo stock owners, small-scale Navajo stockowners, shepherds who worked for Ed Sargent, andoil-drilling crews exhibited different manifestations inthe archaeological record. These differences wereevident in the number of sites recorded, complexes offeatures in each site type, artifact assemblages, andspatial distribution through time. Differences weretied to land-ownership policies; the distribution ofwater rights; fluctuations in the wool, livestock, andoil markets; differences in stock-raising practices; andthe technology used in oil drilling and production.Kelley'S contribution complements Brugge's researchfrom the standpoint of detailed ethnohistories of localland users. Her evaluation of the broader economicfactors affecting all users of the area adds the perspectivethat Brugge had hoped to attain.A second study carried out by Rosalie Fanale(1982), a student at George Washington Universitywho worked in the NPS Remote Sensing Division,evaluated Navajo rangeland management-its changesthrough time, and how these changes affected Navajocultural practices. She was concerned with socialpressures that affected the productivity of semiaridlands and with explaining processes of change in termsof the relationship of pastoral people to exogenousgovernments. Four basic questions were: 1) Did theNavajo have an indigenous land management system?2) Were there changes in Navajo land use in the latenineteenth and twentieth centuries? 3) To what extentis environmental degradation a result of an exogenousconstraint; e.g., government programs and laws? 4)To what extent are other explanations of environmentaldegradation appropriate?Maps prepared from LANDSAT images wereuseful before and during interviews with informants todetermine which areas had been used prior to 1930slaws and other governmental restrictions. Interviewswith older Navajo provided a late-1800s foundationfor understanding range management practices.The indigenous Navajo land management systemwas seen as an adaptation to seasonal, as well asyearly, fluctuations in the environment. Not only didthe Navajo practice daily, seasonal, and yearly rangerotation, but also the principles of visiting and invitingrelatives to share an area during good environmentalconditions that provided a buffer to the landscape intimes of stress prescribed this behavior. Longdistancemobility was considered normal and allowedpeople to have close contacts. Proper behavior amongkin and clan systems was important. The concept ofharmony was expressed through love and friendship,which were the basis of the proper way of life. Fanaleconcluded that traditional Navajo land use was definedby regulating principles as follows:• Land resources should be respected, and whenthey are plentiful, they should be shared amongrelatives living nearby or farther away.• Rather than depleting a range, people shouldtemporarily move away with their animals andvisit relatives, thereby letting the land rest.• Rather than specific preferences for moves or aspecific order of preference (e.g., nearer relativespreferred over more distant), there is awide choice of destinations (as well as the timingand duration of each move) that encompasses thebroad network of kin; the details of each movedepend on situational and contextual factors,especially history of family contacts andenvironmental conditions.• Which way it goes-moving away or invitingothers in-depends on environmental conditions,which are themselves highly variable from yearto year and from place to place (Fanale1982: 142-143).
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--------Culture and Ecology ofChaco
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3. THE PRECERAMIC PERIOD IN CHACO C
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History of the Chaco Navajo '" . .
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~~~-------3.21. Overview of Sheep C
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10.12. Map 5, locating Historic per
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-- - -- - ---- ~----- - --B.I. Cera
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List of participants in the School
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1971, Robert H. Lister, then at the
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Personnel associated with the Chaco
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For this volume, lowe special thank
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2 Chaco Project Synthesis50. J •
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4 Chaco Project Synthesisand the fe
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6 Chaco Project Synthesispainted Es
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10 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 1.
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14 Chaco Project SynthesisCompariso
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16 Chaco Project SynthesisDuring ex
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18 Chaco Project Synthesisobsidian
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Chapter TwoThe Environment and Natu
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-- --------------------- --------En
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Environment and Natural Resources 2
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Environment and Natural Resources 2
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~~~--~~~~ --30 Chaco Project Synthe
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32 Chaco Project SynthesisA few yea
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------------------------.34 Chaco P
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36 Chaco Project Synthesismeasureme
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38 Chaco Project SynthesisLybrook,
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40 Chaco Project Synthesis
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44 Chaco Project Synthesisflavescen
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46 Chaco Project Synthesisnel prese
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-------48 Chaco Project SynthesisYI
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50 Chaco Project Synthesiswas proba
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52 Chaco Project Synthesis1981 [sic
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901to925950to9751001to10251050to107
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56 Chaco Project Synthesisamined th
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62 Chaco Project Synthesisto the So
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64 Chaco Project SynthesisTable 3.1
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70 Chaco Project Synthesisshallow c
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72 Chaco Project Synthesis..... ~--
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74 Chaco Project Synthesis./-""\I \
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76 Chaco Project Synthesis.. N20 I-
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78 Chaco Project Synthesisthe first
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----------------80 Chaco Project Sy
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---------------------~---- ---- ---
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--------86 Chaco Project Synthesis.
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-------------- ._----------88 Chaco
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90 Chaco Project SynthesisThe secon
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92 Chaco Project SynthesisYears B.P
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94 Chaco Project Synthesispression
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----------------------96 Chaco Proj
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--------------------- ~~~~-~~-100 C
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Figure 4.2.Identified Basketmaker I
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ooo00 0o 0 00o 0 0qo000 00 "~""" 0~
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•BftlO€)•••• oI
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Output File Types 115Intensity File
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 111stor
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 113and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 115peop
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 117and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 119Fami
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 121by a
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------- - -----------------Basketma
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--------Basketmaker III to Pueblo I
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Chapter FiveThe Florescence of the
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The Florescence 131ExcavationsData
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------ -- - -- --The Florescence 13
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FP5ooo1
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Plthou •• C~f 8 0 0-: ~oo:~g(_-
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TRASH MOUNDoIoFigure 5.5. Map of 29
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The Florescence 141on-white, and Ga
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The Florescence 143Other Small Hous
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\ I\ II :: \1 I: I a ..\\\ l .-'';~
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II/ffII,II( /IMOOI:AIIaccOSIl(lAC,"
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IffFI//II/IIjI,//III" 1111001:"'"II
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, ,, fI f, If ,I f/ ,"If MCOCR~I A[
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Great No1lh Road J• StoifS.......
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,I MC~t~ij/ ':'.b'_''"'o/!PUEBLO AL
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The Florescence 157Recently Wills (
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The Florescence 159Figure 5.19.Earl
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"I----_\---~~--.-';--_:::::'y',..~f
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The Florescence 163rough-sort metho
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The Florescence 165Ceramics dating
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The Florescence 167Figure 5.24.Alta
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The Florescence 169Bonito phase str
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The Florescence 171Three road-relat
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The Florescence 173Figure 5.29.Aeri
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The Florescence 175construction cou
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Chapter SixThe Classic Adaptation W
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The Classic Adaptation 179were abov
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The Classic Adaptation 181upland ar
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The Classic Adaptation 183Estimated
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The Classic Adaptation 185which are
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Table 6.5. (cont'd.)Population Esti
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Table 6.7. Windes's small-house pop
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--_._-- -------The Classic Adaptati
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The Classic Adaptation 193sp.); buc
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The Classic Adaptation 195e.g., a d
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The Classic Adaptation 197block siz
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The Classic Adaptation 199and fir b
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The Classic Adaptation 201between f
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340 \I,II320 "• I......---5 - Yea
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The Classic Adaptation 205in and ar
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Table 6.8. (cont'd.)FeatureExamples
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The Classic Adaptation 209gested by
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The Classic Adaptation 211Table 6.9
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The Classic Adaptation 213.''-...,,
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The Classic Adaptation 215chalcedon
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Table 6.11. Projected ceramic consu
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The Classic Adaptation 219structure
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The Classic Adaptation 221Bonito, w
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The Classic Adaptation 223number of
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Chapter SevenThe Final Years (A.D.
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117'1[ .....II)...0"'1.111"'tlll~'[
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~ ___The Final Years 229RIR2R3__..i
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The Final Years 2311964) included c
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The Final Years 233, ,o J 2 3METERS
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-- -- - - - - -- - ~- -~-------- -
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_ - ~2 - -1 __ R_4_---J __ R_6_~R3R
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The Final Years 239most often with
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The Final Years 241severe drought f
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The Final Years 243ceramic types, b
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Chapter EightRelated Communities in
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Related Communities 247Calendrical0
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• WALL.ACESKUNK SPRINGS IIIIII ST
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• ESCALANTE.IDA JEAN• WALLACESK
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Related Communities 253(Marshall et
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Related Communities 255foodstuffs k
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Related Communities 257and cupule w
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GWeST. ( )~1 PIERRE'S~I ~.~~ ~ .•
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Related Communities 261possibility
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Related Communities 263by the Red M
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Related Communities 265when the div
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268 Chaco Project Synthesismigrated
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270 Chaco Project Synthesiswas not
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272 Chaco Project SynthesisCanyon r
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274 Chaco Project Synthesisgreater
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Page 300 and 301: 278 Chaco Project Synthesisleadersh
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Page 310 and 311: 288 Chaco Project Synthesiswatered
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Page 318 and 319: 296 Chaco Project Synthesisnecessar
Page 321 and 322: Chapter TenHistoric Period StudiesE
Page 323 and 324: Historic Period Studies 301control
Page 325 and 326: Historic Period Studies 303Chaco Pr
Page 327 and 328: Historic Period Studies 305Figure 1
Page 329 and 330: Historic Period Studies 307Figure 1
Page 331 and 332: Historic Period Studies 309lived in
Page 333 and 334: Historic Period Studies 311Warburto
Page 335 and 336: Figure 10.9.Map 2, locating Histori
Page 337 and 338: Figure 10.11. Map 4, locating Histo
Page 339 and 340: Figure 10.13. Map 6, locating Histo
Page 341 and 342: Figure 10.15. Map 8, which combines
Page 343 and 344: Historic Period Studies 321(_ 29SJI
Page 345 and 346: Historic Period Studies 323informat
Page 347: Historic Period Studies 325as stove
Page 351 and 352: Historic Period Studies 329the case
Page 353 and 354: Chapter ElevenThe Chaco Project fro
Page 355 and 356: A Broader Perspective 333Among arch
Page 357 and 358: A Broader Perspective 335Assuming t
Page 359 and 360: Table 11.2. Population thresholds i
Page 361 and 362: A Broader Perspective 339whom fall
Page 363 and 364: A Broader Perspective 341Table 11.3
Page 365 and 366: A Broader Perspective 343that is re
Page 367 and 368: Appendix AExcavated Sites in Chaco
Page 369 and 370: Table A.1. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
Page 371 and 372: Table A.2. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
Page 373 and 374: Table A.3. Sites excavated or exami
Page 375 and 376: Table A.3. (cont' d.)Site Name Site
Page 377 and 378: Table A.4. Sites excavated or exami
Page 379 and 380: Table AA. (cont'd.)Site Name Site N
Page 381 and 382: Table A.5. (cont'd.)Site No. Site N
Page 383 and 384: Table A.S. (cont'd.)5ite No. 5ite N
Page 385 and 386: Appendix BChronology ChartsThrougho
Page 387 and 388: Appendix B 365Table B.3. Dominant c
Page 389 and 390: Table B.4. (cont'd.)Pecos Classific
Page 391 and 392: Appendix CThe Chaco Synthesis Proje
Page 393 and 394: Appendix C 371Table C.l. The organi
Page 395 and 396: Appendix C 373Table C.3. The Chaco
Page 397 and 398: Appendix C 375Table C.5. Chaco, Mes
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Appendix C 377Table C.7. The capsto
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Appendix C 379Table C.S.In Search o
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382 Chaco Project SynthesisArcheolo
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384 Chaco Project SynthesisBinford,
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386 Chaco Project SynthesisMexico,
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388 Chaco Project SynthesisMonument
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390 Chaco Project SynthesisDoyel, D
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392 Chaco Project SynthesisUniversi
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-~ -- - -- ------394 Chaco Project
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396 Chaco Project SynthesisAmerican
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398 Chaco Project SynthesisMiscella
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400 Chaco Project SynthesisKlausner
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402 Chaco Project SynthesisLoose, R
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404 Chaco Project SynthesisPrice, p
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406 Chaco Project Synthesis1984 The
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408 Chaco Project SynthesisOrtiz, A
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410 Chaco Project SynthesisPsycholo
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412 Chaco Project SynthesisSchoenwe
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414 Chaco Project SynthesisSprague,
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416 Chaco Project Synthesis2000 Mac
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418 Chaco Project Synthesis1970b As
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420 Chaco Project SynthesisWhaley,
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-----------------------422 Chaco Pr
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Indexabandonment, and dispersion, 2
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Index 427bow and arrow, 63, 99Bradf
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Index 429demography: community, mar
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Index 431Hack, J. T., 32Half House,
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Index 433Little Colorado (River) ar
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Index 435population as a system, 33
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Index 437264, and nearest-neighbor
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Index 43929Mc391 structure, 30929SJ
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Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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