Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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52 Chaco Project Synthesis1981 [sic]). Change in local woodlandswould be better seen in pollen recordsfrom the escarpments, which would havesupported these woodlands. Such locallysensitive pollen records could be obtainedfrom caves or rockshelters where aeoliansediments and scree have accumulated.(Fredlund 1984:191)After reviewing the variation among thevariables that could affect the palynological data andinterpretations of them, plus his own analysis ofmaterial from Sheep Camp and Ashislepah shelters,Fredland (1984:205) concluded that palynological dataprovide good evidence for regional environmentalreconstructions. Unfortunately, the records from theLate Holocene (after 1,200 B.P.) were obscure, andpreclude useful additions to the interpretationsavailable. For Late Pleistocene and Early Holocenevegetation, interpretations were constrained by twomajor problems: the identification of Pinus species,and the ability to distinguish local pollen sources fromregional pollen rain, especially for samples taken fromshelters along escarpments. As a result, reconstructionof Late Pleistocene vegetation from pollendata in Chaco Canyon is difficult. Fredland indicatedthat the Mid-Holocene (5,800 to 2,200 B.P.) was aperiod of sustained aridity, an explanation that isinternally consistent with all data and conformsexternally with published results by Hall (1977). Hesuggested that the ponderosa and pinon woodlandswere significantly larger at the beginning of thisperiod than they are today, but decreased thereafter.Relict stands of pinon and juniper remained until2,200 B.P., at which time they began to recover.Fredlund (1984:209) acknowledged that the period ofaridity proposed is too broad in scope, but that thelack of understanding of climatic records makes itdifficult to appreciate pollen data with regard tospecific environments, such as that in Chaco Canyon.There seem to be differences in events by area.Dendroclimatological ReconstructionThe NPS was a major sponsor of the SouthwestPaleoclimate Project, which was funded by contractsfrom 1967 to 1971 and again from 1974 to 1976, toconstruct a network of climate-sensitive tree-ringchronologies based on archaeological materials andsamples from living trees. One result of this studywas a series of maps that indicated the relativevariation in tree-ring growth in space and time, as wellas fluctuations in rainfall and temperatures (Dean andRobinson 1977). A second project, jointly sponsoredby the Chaco Center (NPS), the Dolores Project(BLM), and the Puerco Project (ENMU), studied thedendrochronology of the Southwest Plateau in andaround Chaco Canyon (Rose 1979; Rose et al. 1982).Building on earlier work, Rose et a1. (1982; and Rose1979) used tree-ring data to reconstruct theenvironment from A.D. 900 through 1970. See Roseet al. (1982:Table 1, Figure 1.2) for locations used toconstruct expanded tree-ring chronologies.Rose et al. (1982) acknowledged that there werea number of methodological problems that could beaddressed by using statistical tests to determine therepresentativeness of the tree-ring chronologies fromseven different prehistoric and historic locations.They incorporated the assumptions that characterize alldendroclimatic work (e.g., no long-distance transportof wood used in archaeological sites, uniformitarianismin climatic factors, chronological accuracy,ability to incorporate different species of trees, andhistoric and prehistoric sample populations possesssimilar time and frequency domain characteristics).Using monthly temperature and precipitation data,they reconstructed regional precipitation and temperaturevalues, as well as calculated the Palmer DroughtSeverity Index (PDSI). This is an index of meteorologicaldrought-"an anomaly characterized by a prolongedabnormal moisture deficiency, with its severitydepending on the duration and magnitude of theabnormality" (Rose et al. 1982: 109). This meteorologicalmeasure was used rather than agriculturaldrought or hydrological drought to avoid the problemsthat must be considered when other variables comeinto play; e.g., the economic factors in the localcommunity and responses available to agriculturaliststo overcome them, or the engineering problems thatthe disciplines of hydrology, geology, and geophysicsaddress. Rose et al. (1982) selected the July PDSIbecause it was the period when most demands onwater supply are high and when droughts tend to peak,thus having the greatest stress affects on tree growth.Table 2.3 indicates the values used to determinedrought severity.
Environment and Natural Resources 53Table 2.3. PDSI values. aPDSI ValuesClass~ 4.00 Extreme drought3.00 to 3.99 Very wet2.00 to 2.99 Moderately wet1.00 to 1.99 Slightly wet.50 to .99 Incipient wet spell.49 to -.49 Near normal-.50 to -.99 Incipient drought-1.00 to -1.99 Mild drought-2.00 to -2.99 ~.1oderate drought-3.00 to -3.99 Severe drought
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- --- - - --~ -----31D / D-9tcCultu
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--------Culture and Ecology ofChaco
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3. THE PRECERAMIC PERIOD IN CHACO C
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History of the Chaco Navajo '" . .
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~~~-------3.21. Overview of Sheep C
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10.12. Map 5, locating Historic per
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-- - -- - ---- ~----- - --B.I. Cera
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List of participants in the School
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1971, Robert H. Lister, then at the
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Personnel associated with the Chaco
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For this volume, lowe special thank
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Page 32 and 33: 10 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 1.
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Page 36 and 37: 14 Chaco Project SynthesisCompariso
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Page 43 and 44: Chapter TwoThe Environment and Natu
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Page 47 and 48: Environment and Natural Resources 2
Page 49: Environment and Natural Resources 2
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Page 54 and 55: 32 Chaco Project SynthesisA few yea
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Page 66 and 67: 44 Chaco Project Synthesisflavescen
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Page 84 and 85: 62 Chaco Project Synthesisto the So
Page 86 and 87: 64 Chaco Project SynthesisTable 3.1
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Page 100 and 101: 78 Chaco Project Synthesisthe first
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Page 110 and 111: -------------- ._----------88 Chaco
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Page 114 and 115: 92 Chaco Project SynthesisYears B.P
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Page 118 and 119: ----------------------96 Chaco Proj
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Figure 4.2.Identified Basketmaker I
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ooo00 0o 0 00o 0 0qo000 00 "~""" 0~
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•BftlO€)•••• oI
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Output File Types 115Intensity File
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 111stor
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 113and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 115peop
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 117and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 119Fami
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 121by a
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------- - -----------------Basketma
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--------Basketmaker III to Pueblo I
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Chapter FiveThe Florescence of the
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~----------------------------------
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The Florescence 131ExcavationsData
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------ -- - -- --The Florescence 13
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FP5ooo1
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Plthou •• C~f 8 0 0-: ~oo:~g(_-
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TRASH MOUNDoIoFigure 5.5. Map of 29
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The Florescence 141on-white, and Ga
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The Florescence 143Other Small Hous
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\ I\ II :: \1 I: I a ..\\\ l .-'';~
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II/ffII,II( /IMOOI:AIIaccOSIl(lAC,"
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IffFI//II/IIjI,//III" 1111001:"'"II
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, ,, fI f, If ,I f/ ,"If MCOCR~I A[
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Great No1lh Road J• StoifS.......
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,I MC~t~ij/ ':'.b'_''"'o/!PUEBLO AL
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The Florescence 157Recently Wills (
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The Florescence 159Figure 5.19.Earl
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"I----_\---~~--.-';--_:::::'y',..~f
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The Florescence 163rough-sort metho
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The Florescence 165Ceramics dating
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The Florescence 167Figure 5.24.Alta
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The Florescence 169Bonito phase str
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The Florescence 171Three road-relat
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The Florescence 173Figure 5.29.Aeri
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The Florescence 175construction cou
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Chapter SixThe Classic Adaptation W
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The Classic Adaptation 179were abov
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The Classic Adaptation 181upland ar
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The Classic Adaptation 183Estimated
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The Classic Adaptation 185which are
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Table 6.5. (cont'd.)Population Esti
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Table 6.7. Windes's small-house pop
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--_._-- -------The Classic Adaptati
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The Classic Adaptation 193sp.); buc
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The Classic Adaptation 195e.g., a d
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The Classic Adaptation 197block siz
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The Classic Adaptation 199and fir b
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The Classic Adaptation 201between f
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340 \I,II320 "• I......---5 - Yea
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The Classic Adaptation 205in and ar
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Table 6.8. (cont'd.)FeatureExamples
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The Classic Adaptation 209gested by
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The Classic Adaptation 211Table 6.9
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The Classic Adaptation 213.''-...,,
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The Classic Adaptation 215chalcedon
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Table 6.11. Projected ceramic consu
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The Classic Adaptation 219structure
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The Classic Adaptation 221Bonito, w
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The Classic Adaptation 223number of
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Chapter SevenThe Final Years (A.D.
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117'1[ .....II)...0"'1.111"'tlll~'[
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~ ___The Final Years 229RIR2R3__..i
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The Final Years 2311964) included c
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The Final Years 233, ,o J 2 3METERS
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-- -- - - - - -- - ~- -~-------- -
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_ - ~2 - -1 __ R_4_---J __ R_6_~R3R
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The Final Years 239most often with
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The Final Years 241severe drought f
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The Final Years 243ceramic types, b
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Chapter EightRelated Communities in
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Related Communities 247Calendrical0
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• WALL.ACESKUNK SPRINGS IIIIII ST
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• ESCALANTE.IDA JEAN• WALLACESK
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Related Communities 253(Marshall et
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Related Communities 255foodstuffs k
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Related Communities 257and cupule w
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GWeST. ( )~1 PIERRE'S~I ~.~~ ~ .•
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Related Communities 261possibility
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Related Communities 263by the Red M
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Related Communities 265when the div
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268 Chaco Project Synthesismigrated
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270 Chaco Project Synthesiswas not
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272 Chaco Project SynthesisCanyon r
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274 Chaco Project Synthesisgreater
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276 Chaco Project Synthesislayout,
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278 Chaco Project Synthesisleadersh
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-- -~----280 Chaco Project Synthesi
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282 Chaco Project SynthesisDiscussi
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284 Chaco Project Synthesissedentiz
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286 Chaco Project Synthesis• chan
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288 Chaco Project Synthesiswatered
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290 Chaco Project SynthesisEven ear
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292 Chaco Project Synthesis1954:65)
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294 Chaco Project Synthesisp337123
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296 Chaco Project Synthesisnecessar
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Chapter TenHistoric Period StudiesE
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Historic Period Studies 301control
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Historic Period Studies 303Chaco Pr
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Historic Period Studies 305Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 307Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 309lived in
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Historic Period Studies 311Warburto
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Figure 10.9.Map 2, locating Histori
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Figure 10.11. Map 4, locating Histo
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Figure 10.13. Map 6, locating Histo
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Figure 10.15. Map 8, which combines
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Historic Period Studies 321(_ 29SJI
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Historic Period Studies 323informat
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Historic Period Studies 325as stove
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Historic Period Studies 327them els
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Historic Period Studies 329the case
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Chapter ElevenThe Chaco Project fro
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A Broader Perspective 333Among arch
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A Broader Perspective 335Assuming t
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Table 11.2. Population thresholds i
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A Broader Perspective 339whom fall
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A Broader Perspective 341Table 11.3
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A Broader Perspective 343that is re
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Appendix AExcavated Sites in Chaco
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Table A.1. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.2. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.3. Sites excavated or exami
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Table A.3. (cont' d.)Site Name Site
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Table A.4. Sites excavated or exami
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Table AA. (cont'd.)Site Name Site N
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Table A.5. (cont'd.)Site No. Site N
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Table A.S. (cont'd.)5ite No. 5ite N
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Appendix BChronology ChartsThrougho
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Appendix B 365Table B.3. Dominant c
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Table B.4. (cont'd.)Pecos Classific
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Appendix CThe Chaco Synthesis Proje
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Appendix C 371Table C.l. The organi
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Appendix C 373Table C.3. The Chaco
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Appendix C 375Table C.5. Chaco, Mes
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Appendix C 377Table C.7. The capsto
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Appendix C 379Table C.S.In Search o
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382 Chaco Project SynthesisArcheolo
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384 Chaco Project SynthesisBinford,
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386 Chaco Project SynthesisMexico,
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388 Chaco Project SynthesisMonument
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390 Chaco Project SynthesisDoyel, D
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392 Chaco Project SynthesisUniversi
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-~ -- - -- ------394 Chaco Project
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396 Chaco Project SynthesisAmerican
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398 Chaco Project SynthesisMiscella
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400 Chaco Project SynthesisKlausner
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402 Chaco Project SynthesisLoose, R
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404 Chaco Project SynthesisPrice, p
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406 Chaco Project Synthesis1984 The
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408 Chaco Project SynthesisOrtiz, A
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410 Chaco Project SynthesisPsycholo
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412 Chaco Project SynthesisSchoenwe
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414 Chaco Project SynthesisSprague,
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416 Chaco Project Synthesis2000 Mac
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418 Chaco Project Synthesis1970b As
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420 Chaco Project SynthesisWhaley,
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-----------------------422 Chaco Pr
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Indexabandonment, and dispersion, 2
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Index 427bow and arrow, 63, 99Bradf
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Index 429demography: community, mar
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Index 431Hack, J. T., 32Half House,
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Index 433Little Colorado (River) ar
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Index 435population as a system, 33
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Index 437264, and nearest-neighbor
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Index 43929Mc391 structure, 30929SJ
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Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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