Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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10 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 1.5.1929 aerial photograph of small house site and unfinished great house (29S12384)excavated by Frank H. H. Roberts, lr. (Photograph from the Charles Lindberghcollection, Museum of New Mexico, no. 70.11151.)
--------- - --The NPS Chaco Project 11Table 1.1. Sets of aerial photographs of Chaco Canyon and selected outlying Chaco an sites.Source Date Scale TypeSoil Conservation Service 1930s 1:62,000 Black-and-whiteSoil Conservation Service 1930s 1:32,000 Black-and-whiteU.S. Geological Survey 1950s 1:32,000 Black-and-whiteU.S. Geological Survey 1971 1:3,000 Black-and-whiteKoogle and Pouls 1973 1:3,000 Black-and-whiteKoogle and Pouls 1975 1:3,000 Black-and-whiteKoogle and Pauls 1975 1:1,200 Black-and-whiteKoogIe and Pouls 1973 1:6,000 Color transparencyRemote Sensing Division 1974 35 mm oblique images Color infraredthen-available sets of aerial photographs for ChacoCanyon and selected outlying Chacoan sites by date,scale, and type.Different types of film have distinct advantages.Black-and-white panchromatic is best suited for mostpurposes; it is low in cost, readily available, easy touse, and non-grainy, and has overall good contrast andresolution. Black-and-white infrared is more sensitiveto vegetative differences and is less affected by haze.True color imagery is more expensive, but the subtlecolor changes make it easier to detect vegetationdifferences. False color infrared is most useful forplant detection (Lyons and Avery 1977). Potter andKelley (1980) analyzed color transparencies at a scaleof 1:6,000 to create an initial vegetative cover map ofthe canyon. Jacobson (1979; in Mathien 1991a:348)found that color transparencies at 1: 1200 were moreuseful than black-and-white images when mapping asmall site prior to excavation because color differencesare more easily distinguished by the human eye thanedges among shades of gray. Lyons and Hitchcock(1977b) used existing black-and-white photographs at1:3,000 and 1:32,000 to discover a number of roadalignments within Chaco Canyon and the local area;Obenauf (1980b, 1983b) expanded this analysis tocommunities in the San Juan Basin. Nials (1983:5-15to 5-16) emphasized the importance of the timing ofphotographs when looking for linear features. Thelow-sun-angle black-and-white photographs used inthe Bureau of Land Management roads projectrevealed alignments that were not seen in photographstaken later in the day.Aerial photographs serve many purposes.Because accuracy in site location is important,handheld 9x9 in prints are easy to carry and providepermanent records; data can be transferred to mastermaps in the laboratory. This proved useful during theChaco roads survey and a survey of the lower ChacoRiver (Loose and Lyons 1976a, 1976b). An analysisof 1 :6,000 photographs of features in the Kin Bineolavalley, particularly those relating to the prehispanicirrigation system (Lyons, Hitchcock and Pouls 1976),compared favorably with data obtained from thecomprehensive survey of the area by Hayes (1981). Ifground control is set up prior to photographY, it isrelatively simple, rapid, and economic to derivemeasurements for nonstandard contour intervals(Drager and Lyons 1985; Lyons and Avery 1977;Pouls et al. 1976). Orthophoto maps and photogrammetricmaps can be digitized and the data usedfor various purposes (Drager and Lyons 1985). Slopedetermination, volumetric measurements, or populationestimates can be obtained (Drager 1976b). AtPueblo Alto, photogrammetric maps before excavation,after wall stripping, and after the secondseason of excavation provided a permanent record ofsite condition. Detailed photogrammetric maps oflarge pueblos and digitization of their architectural
Page 1 and 2: - --- - - --~ -----31D / D-9tcCultu
Page 3: --------Culture and Ecology ofChaco
Page 6 and 7: 3. THE PRECERAMIC PERIOD IN CHACO C
Page 8 and 9: History of the Chaco Navajo '" . .
Page 10 and 11: ~~~-------3.21. Overview of Sheep C
Page 12 and 13: 10.12. Map 5, locating Historic per
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Page 16 and 17: List of participants in the School
Page 18 and 19: 1971, Robert H. Lister, then at the
Page 20 and 21: Personnel associated with the Chaco
Page 22 and 23: For this volume, lowe special thank
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Page 26 and 27: 4 Chaco Project Synthesisand the fe
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Page 36 and 37: 14 Chaco Project SynthesisCompariso
Page 38 and 39: 16 Chaco Project SynthesisDuring ex
Page 40 and 41: 18 Chaco Project Synthesisobsidian
Page 43 and 44: Chapter TwoThe Environment and Natu
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Page 47 and 48: Environment and Natural Resources 2
Page 49: Environment and Natural Resources 2
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Page 54 and 55: 32 Chaco Project SynthesisA few yea
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62 Chaco Project Synthesisto the So
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64 Chaco Project SynthesisTable 3.1
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70 Chaco Project Synthesisshallow c
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72 Chaco Project Synthesis..... ~--
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74 Chaco Project Synthesis./-""\I \
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76 Chaco Project Synthesis.. N20 I-
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78 Chaco Project Synthesisthe first
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----------------80 Chaco Project Sy
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84 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 3.
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--------86 Chaco Project Synthesis.
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-------------- ._----------88 Chaco
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90 Chaco Project SynthesisThe secon
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92 Chaco Project SynthesisYears B.P
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94 Chaco Project Synthesispression
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----------------------96 Chaco Proj
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98 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 4.
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--------------------- ~~~~-~~-100 C
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Figure 4.2.Identified Basketmaker I
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ooo00 0o 0 00o 0 0qo000 00 "~""" 0~
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•BftlO€)•••• oI
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Output File Types 115Intensity File
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 111stor
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 113and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 115peop
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 117and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 119Fami
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 121by a
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------- - -----------------Basketma
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--------Basketmaker III to Pueblo I
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Chapter FiveThe Florescence of the
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The Florescence 131ExcavationsData
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------ -- - -- --The Florescence 13
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FP5ooo1
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Plthou •• C~f 8 0 0-: ~oo:~g(_-
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TRASH MOUNDoIoFigure 5.5. Map of 29
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The Florescence 141on-white, and Ga
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The Florescence 143Other Small Hous
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\ I\ II :: \1 I: I a ..\\\ l .-'';~
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II/ffII,II( /IMOOI:AIIaccOSIl(lAC,"
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IffFI//II/IIjI,//III" 1111001:"'"II
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, ,, fI f, If ,I f/ ,"If MCOCR~I A[
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Great No1lh Road J• StoifS.......
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,I MC~t~ij/ ':'.b'_''"'o/!PUEBLO AL
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The Florescence 157Recently Wills (
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The Florescence 159Figure 5.19.Earl
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"I----_\---~~--.-';--_:::::'y',..~f
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The Florescence 163rough-sort metho
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The Florescence 165Ceramics dating
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The Florescence 167Figure 5.24.Alta
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The Florescence 169Bonito phase str
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The Florescence 171Three road-relat
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The Florescence 173Figure 5.29.Aeri
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The Florescence 175construction cou
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Chapter SixThe Classic Adaptation W
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The Classic Adaptation 179were abov
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The Classic Adaptation 181upland ar
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The Classic Adaptation 183Estimated
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The Classic Adaptation 185which are
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Table 6.5. (cont'd.)Population Esti
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Table 6.7. Windes's small-house pop
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--_._-- -------The Classic Adaptati
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The Classic Adaptation 193sp.); buc
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The Classic Adaptation 195e.g., a d
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The Classic Adaptation 197block siz
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The Classic Adaptation 199and fir b
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The Classic Adaptation 201between f
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340 \I,II320 "• I......---5 - Yea
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The Classic Adaptation 205in and ar
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Table 6.8. (cont'd.)FeatureExamples
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The Classic Adaptation 209gested by
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The Classic Adaptation 211Table 6.9
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The Classic Adaptation 213.''-...,,
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The Classic Adaptation 215chalcedon
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Table 6.11. Projected ceramic consu
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The Classic Adaptation 219structure
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The Classic Adaptation 221Bonito, w
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The Classic Adaptation 223number of
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Chapter SevenThe Final Years (A.D.
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117'1[ .....II)...0"'1.111"'tlll~'[
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~ ___The Final Years 229RIR2R3__..i
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The Final Years 2311964) included c
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The Final Years 233, ,o J 2 3METERS
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-- -- - - - - -- - ~- -~-------- -
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_ - ~2 - -1 __ R_4_---J __ R_6_~R3R
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The Final Years 239most often with
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The Final Years 241severe drought f
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The Final Years 243ceramic types, b
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Chapter EightRelated Communities in
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Related Communities 247Calendrical0
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• WALL.ACESKUNK SPRINGS IIIIII ST
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• ESCALANTE.IDA JEAN• WALLACESK
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Related Communities 253(Marshall et
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Related Communities 255foodstuffs k
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Related Communities 257and cupule w
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GWeST. ( )~1 PIERRE'S~I ~.~~ ~ .•
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Related Communities 261possibility
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Related Communities 263by the Red M
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Related Communities 265when the div
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268 Chaco Project Synthesismigrated
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270 Chaco Project Synthesiswas not
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272 Chaco Project SynthesisCanyon r
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274 Chaco Project Synthesisgreater
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276 Chaco Project Synthesislayout,
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278 Chaco Project Synthesisleadersh
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-- -~----280 Chaco Project Synthesi
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282 Chaco Project SynthesisDiscussi
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284 Chaco Project Synthesissedentiz
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286 Chaco Project Synthesis• chan
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288 Chaco Project Synthesiswatered
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290 Chaco Project SynthesisEven ear
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292 Chaco Project Synthesis1954:65)
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294 Chaco Project Synthesisp337123
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296 Chaco Project Synthesisnecessar
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Chapter TenHistoric Period StudiesE
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Historic Period Studies 301control
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Historic Period Studies 303Chaco Pr
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Historic Period Studies 305Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 307Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 309lived in
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Historic Period Studies 311Warburto
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Figure 10.9.Map 2, locating Histori
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Figure 10.11. Map 4, locating Histo
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Figure 10.13. Map 6, locating Histo
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Figure 10.15. Map 8, which combines
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Historic Period Studies 321(_ 29SJI
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Historic Period Studies 323informat
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Historic Period Studies 325as stove
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Historic Period Studies 327them els
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Historic Period Studies 329the case
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Chapter ElevenThe Chaco Project fro
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A Broader Perspective 333Among arch
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A Broader Perspective 335Assuming t
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Table 11.2. Population thresholds i
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A Broader Perspective 339whom fall
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A Broader Perspective 341Table 11.3
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A Broader Perspective 343that is re
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Appendix AExcavated Sites in Chaco
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Table A.1. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.2. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.3. Sites excavated or exami
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Table A.3. (cont' d.)Site Name Site
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Table A.4. Sites excavated or exami
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Table AA. (cont'd.)Site Name Site N
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Table A.5. (cont'd.)Site No. Site N
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Table A.S. (cont'd.)5ite No. 5ite N
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Appendix BChronology ChartsThrougho
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Appendix B 365Table B.3. Dominant c
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Table B.4. (cont'd.)Pecos Classific
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Appendix CThe Chaco Synthesis Proje
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Appendix C 371Table C.l. The organi
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Appendix C 373Table C.3. The Chaco
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Appendix C 375Table C.5. Chaco, Mes
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Appendix C 377Table C.7. The capsto
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Appendix C 379Table C.S.In Search o
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382 Chaco Project SynthesisArcheolo
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384 Chaco Project SynthesisBinford,
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386 Chaco Project SynthesisMexico,
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388 Chaco Project SynthesisMonument
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390 Chaco Project SynthesisDoyel, D
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392 Chaco Project SynthesisUniversi
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-~ -- - -- ------394 Chaco Project
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396 Chaco Project SynthesisAmerican
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398 Chaco Project SynthesisMiscella
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400 Chaco Project SynthesisKlausner
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402 Chaco Project SynthesisLoose, R
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404 Chaco Project SynthesisPrice, p
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406 Chaco Project Synthesis1984 The
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408 Chaco Project SynthesisOrtiz, A
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410 Chaco Project SynthesisPsycholo
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412 Chaco Project SynthesisSchoenwe
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414 Chaco Project SynthesisSprague,
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416 Chaco Project Synthesis2000 Mac
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418 Chaco Project Synthesis1970b As
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420 Chaco Project SynthesisWhaley,
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-----------------------422 Chaco Pr
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Indexabandonment, and dispersion, 2
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Index 427bow and arrow, 63, 99Bradf
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Index 429demography: community, mar
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Index 431Hack, J. T., 32Half House,
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Index 433Little Colorado (River) ar
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Index 435population as a system, 33
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Index 437264, and nearest-neighbor
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Index 43929Mc391 structure, 30929SJ
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Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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