Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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-- - -- - ---- ~----- - --B.I. Ceramic typological time used in artifact analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... " 363B.2. Bonito phase ceramic assemblages .................................. " 364B.3. Dominant ceramic types by period used by TrueII (1986) in analysis of architectureof small sites ................................................. 365B.4. Chaco chronology as updated by T. C. Windes ........................... 366C.!. The organization of production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 371C.2. Society and polity .............................................. 372C.3. The Chaco World .............................................. 373C.4. Economy and ecology ........................................... , 374C.5. Chaco, Mesa Verde, and the confrontation of time ......................... 375C.6 Chacoan architecture ............................................ 376C.7. The capstone conference ......................................... , 377C.8. In Search of Chaco: New Approaches to an Archaeological Enigma, edited by DavidGrant Noble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 379xii
PrefaceThe National Park Service (NPS) Chaco Projectwas a cooperative and multidisciplinary endeavor thatmaintained several ties to earlier field schoolsconducted in Chaco Canyon by the University of NewMexico (UNM), School of American Research (SAR),and Museum of New Mexico (MNM) from 1929 to1942, and in 1947. First, several archaeologists involvedwith the Chaco Project had been field-schoolstudents in Chaco Canyon (e.g., John M. Corbett,Robert H. Lister, Alden C. Hayes, and Thomas W.Mathews) and were later employed by the NPS forsome period during their careers prior to the initiationof the Chaco Project. Second, during those earlyyears, UNM held title to several sections of land thatwere within the boundaries of Chaco Canyon NationalMonument (Hewett 1936:207-213). A 1949 agreementceded those parcels to the NPS, with the understandingthat UNM would have the privilege ofconducting research in future years. (Note that, forpurposes of this volume, the original NPS administrativedesignation HChaco Canyon NationalMonument" and the current NPS administrativedesignation "Chaco Culture National Historical Park"will both be referred to as "the park. ") Third, duringthe Chaco Project several NPS staff held facultyappointments in the department of anthropologyand/or taught at least one course per academic year.Fourth, a number of UNM graduate and undergraduatestudents from various departments were ableto participate in various natural and cultural resourcestudies. Fifth, and last, so as not to separate the twomajor collections and to make them more easilyaccessible for future study, the NPS Chaco Projectcollections remain on the UNM campus as part of acooperative agreement between these two institutions.Although the following brief review of this uniquemultidisciplinary collaborative program is offered forits historical perspective, other institutions were alsoinvolved, and younger investigators continue to pursueanswers to new questions.In the 1960s, John M. Corbett was the NPS chiefarchaeologist. When the opportunity to begin anothermajor NPS research program arose, he realized thatmany questions about Chaco Canyon remainedunanswered. Additionally, the NPS could gain recognitionfor its archaeological research program byinitiating a project that utilized cutting-edge technologyand employed a multidisciplinary approach tostudies of adaptive change in a well-known andarchaeologically rich area in northwestern NewMexico. To gain approval for his plan, Corbettneeded a prospectus that included a research design,plans for facilities, number and types of personnel,and costs. He contacted Douglas W. Schwartz,Director of SAR, who prepared an initial bibliographyon Chaco studies and sponsored an advanced seminaron Chaco Canyon. A number of scholars representingNPS, UNM, and Chaco research, as well as specialistsfrom related fields, met on January 8-11, 1969. Theseminar discussions (NPS Chaco Culture NHPMuseum Archive, No. 1996) were formalized byWilfred Logan and Zorro Bradley as the ChacoProspectus (NPS 1969); it was soon approved byGeorge B. Hartzog, then Director of the NPS (Maruca1981:11-12).To initiate the program, Thomas R. Lyons, ananthropologist and geologist who had worked in theSan Juan Basin and who was testing remote sensingtechniques at the Technical Applications Center atUNM, was appointed acting director of the ChacoCanyon Archeological Center on September 20, 1969.Studies were initiated by faculty and students in thedepartments of biology , geography, and geology, andthe Office of Contract Archaeology. Lyons updatedthe natural and cultural resources bibliography andconcentrated on the evaluation of remote sensingtools. Space on the UNM campus was provided forLyons and his staff until a permanent research facilitywas completed on the second floor of the anthropologybuilding in 1972.Throughout the years, numerous NPS administrativechanges ensued; these affected the name of theproject and how it was managed over the years. Inxiii
Page 1 and 2: - --- - - --~ -----31D / D-9tcCultu
Page 3: --------Culture and Ecology ofChaco
Page 6 and 7: 3. THE PRECERAMIC PERIOD IN CHACO C
Page 8 and 9: History of the Chaco Navajo '" . .
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Page 12 and 13: 10.12. Map 5, locating Historic per
Page 16 and 17: List of participants in the School
Page 18 and 19: 1971, Robert H. Lister, then at the
Page 20 and 21: Personnel associated with the Chaco
Page 22 and 23: For this volume, lowe special thank
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Page 26 and 27: 4 Chaco Project Synthesisand the fe
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Page 32 and 33: 10 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 1.
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Page 36 and 37: 14 Chaco Project SynthesisCompariso
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Page 43 and 44: Chapter TwoThe Environment and Natu
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Page 47 and 48: Environment and Natural Resources 2
Page 49: Environment and Natural Resources 2
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Page 54 and 55: 32 Chaco Project SynthesisA few yea
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44 Chaco Project Synthesisflavescen
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46 Chaco Project Synthesisnel prese
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-------48 Chaco Project SynthesisYI
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50 Chaco Project Synthesiswas proba
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52 Chaco Project Synthesis1981 [sic
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901to925950to9751001to10251050to107
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56 Chaco Project Synthesisamined th
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62 Chaco Project Synthesisto the So
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64 Chaco Project SynthesisTable 3.1
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70 Chaco Project Synthesisshallow c
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72 Chaco Project Synthesis..... ~--
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74 Chaco Project Synthesis./-""\I \
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76 Chaco Project Synthesis.. N20 I-
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78 Chaco Project Synthesisthe first
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----------------80 Chaco Project Sy
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84 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 3.
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--------86 Chaco Project Synthesis.
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-------------- ._----------88 Chaco
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90 Chaco Project SynthesisThe secon
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92 Chaco Project SynthesisYears B.P
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94 Chaco Project Synthesispression
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----------------------96 Chaco Proj
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98 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 4.
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--------------------- ~~~~-~~-100 C
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Figure 4.2.Identified Basketmaker I
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ooo00 0o 0 00o 0 0qo000 00 "~""" 0~
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•BftlO€)•••• oI
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Output File Types 115Intensity File
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 111stor
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 113and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 115peop
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 117and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 119Fami
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 121by a
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------- - -----------------Basketma
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--------Basketmaker III to Pueblo I
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Chapter FiveThe Florescence of the
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The Florescence 131ExcavationsData
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------ -- - -- --The Florescence 13
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FP5ooo1
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Plthou •• C~f 8 0 0-: ~oo:~g(_-
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TRASH MOUNDoIoFigure 5.5. Map of 29
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The Florescence 141on-white, and Ga
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The Florescence 143Other Small Hous
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\ I\ II :: \1 I: I a ..\\\ l .-'';~
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II/ffII,II( /IMOOI:AIIaccOSIl(lAC,"
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IffFI//II/IIjI,//III" 1111001:"'"II
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, ,, fI f, If ,I f/ ,"If MCOCR~I A[
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Great No1lh Road J• StoifS.......
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,I MC~t~ij/ ':'.b'_''"'o/!PUEBLO AL
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The Florescence 157Recently Wills (
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The Florescence 159Figure 5.19.Earl
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"I----_\---~~--.-';--_:::::'y',..~f
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The Florescence 163rough-sort metho
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The Florescence 165Ceramics dating
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The Florescence 167Figure 5.24.Alta
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The Florescence 169Bonito phase str
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The Florescence 171Three road-relat
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The Florescence 173Figure 5.29.Aeri
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The Florescence 175construction cou
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Chapter SixThe Classic Adaptation W
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The Classic Adaptation 179were abov
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The Classic Adaptation 181upland ar
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The Classic Adaptation 183Estimated
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The Classic Adaptation 185which are
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Table 6.5. (cont'd.)Population Esti
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Table 6.7. Windes's small-house pop
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--_._-- -------The Classic Adaptati
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The Classic Adaptation 193sp.); buc
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The Classic Adaptation 195e.g., a d
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The Classic Adaptation 197block siz
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The Classic Adaptation 199and fir b
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The Classic Adaptation 201between f
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340 \I,II320 "• I......---5 - Yea
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The Classic Adaptation 205in and ar
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Table 6.8. (cont'd.)FeatureExamples
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The Classic Adaptation 209gested by
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The Classic Adaptation 211Table 6.9
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The Classic Adaptation 213.''-...,,
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The Classic Adaptation 215chalcedon
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Table 6.11. Projected ceramic consu
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The Classic Adaptation 219structure
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The Classic Adaptation 221Bonito, w
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The Classic Adaptation 223number of
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Chapter SevenThe Final Years (A.D.
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117'1[ .....II)...0"'1.111"'tlll~'[
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~ ___The Final Years 229RIR2R3__..i
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The Final Years 2311964) included c
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The Final Years 233, ,o J 2 3METERS
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-- -- - - - - -- - ~- -~-------- -
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_ - ~2 - -1 __ R_4_---J __ R_6_~R3R
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The Final Years 239most often with
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The Final Years 241severe drought f
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The Final Years 243ceramic types, b
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Chapter EightRelated Communities in
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Related Communities 247Calendrical0
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• WALL.ACESKUNK SPRINGS IIIIII ST
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• ESCALANTE.IDA JEAN• WALLACESK
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Related Communities 253(Marshall et
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Related Communities 255foodstuffs k
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Related Communities 257and cupule w
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GWeST. ( )~1 PIERRE'S~I ~.~~ ~ .•
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Related Communities 261possibility
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Related Communities 263by the Red M
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Related Communities 265when the div
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268 Chaco Project Synthesismigrated
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270 Chaco Project Synthesiswas not
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272 Chaco Project SynthesisCanyon r
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274 Chaco Project Synthesisgreater
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276 Chaco Project Synthesislayout,
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278 Chaco Project Synthesisleadersh
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-- -~----280 Chaco Project Synthesi
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282 Chaco Project SynthesisDiscussi
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284 Chaco Project Synthesissedentiz
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286 Chaco Project Synthesis• chan
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288 Chaco Project Synthesiswatered
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290 Chaco Project SynthesisEven ear
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292 Chaco Project Synthesis1954:65)
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294 Chaco Project Synthesisp337123
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296 Chaco Project Synthesisnecessar
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Chapter TenHistoric Period StudiesE
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Historic Period Studies 301control
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Historic Period Studies 303Chaco Pr
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Historic Period Studies 305Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 307Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 309lived in
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Historic Period Studies 311Warburto
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Figure 10.9.Map 2, locating Histori
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Figure 10.11. Map 4, locating Histo
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Figure 10.13. Map 6, locating Histo
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Figure 10.15. Map 8, which combines
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Historic Period Studies 321(_ 29SJI
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Historic Period Studies 323informat
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Historic Period Studies 325as stove
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Historic Period Studies 327them els
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Historic Period Studies 329the case
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Chapter ElevenThe Chaco Project fro
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A Broader Perspective 333Among arch
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A Broader Perspective 335Assuming t
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Table 11.2. Population thresholds i
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A Broader Perspective 339whom fall
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A Broader Perspective 341Table 11.3
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A Broader Perspective 343that is re
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Appendix AExcavated Sites in Chaco
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Table A.1. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.2. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.3. Sites excavated or exami
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Table A.3. (cont' d.)Site Name Site
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Table A.4. Sites excavated or exami
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Table AA. (cont'd.)Site Name Site N
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Table A.5. (cont'd.)Site No. Site N
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Table A.S. (cont'd.)5ite No. 5ite N
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Appendix BChronology ChartsThrougho
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Appendix B 365Table B.3. Dominant c
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Table B.4. (cont'd.)Pecos Classific
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Appendix CThe Chaco Synthesis Proje
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Appendix C 371Table C.l. The organi
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Appendix C 373Table C.3. The Chaco
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Appendix C 375Table C.5. Chaco, Mes
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Appendix C 377Table C.7. The capsto
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Appendix C 379Table C.S.In Search o
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382 Chaco Project SynthesisArcheolo
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384 Chaco Project SynthesisBinford,
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386 Chaco Project SynthesisMexico,
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388 Chaco Project SynthesisMonument
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390 Chaco Project SynthesisDoyel, D
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392 Chaco Project SynthesisUniversi
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-~ -- - -- ------394 Chaco Project
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396 Chaco Project SynthesisAmerican
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398 Chaco Project SynthesisMiscella
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400 Chaco Project SynthesisKlausner
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402 Chaco Project SynthesisLoose, R
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404 Chaco Project SynthesisPrice, p
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406 Chaco Project Synthesis1984 The
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408 Chaco Project SynthesisOrtiz, A
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410 Chaco Project SynthesisPsycholo
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412 Chaco Project SynthesisSchoenwe
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414 Chaco Project SynthesisSprague,
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416 Chaco Project Synthesis2000 Mac
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418 Chaco Project Synthesis1970b As
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420 Chaco Project SynthesisWhaley,
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-----------------------422 Chaco Pr
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Indexabandonment, and dispersion, 2
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Index 427bow and arrow, 63, 99Bradf
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Index 429demography: community, mar
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Index 431Hack, J. T., 32Half House,
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Index 433Little Colorado (River) ar
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Index 435population as a system, 33
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Index 437264, and nearest-neighbor
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Index 43929Mc391 structure, 30929SJ
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