Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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64 Chaco Project SynthesisTable 3.1. Evidence for Paleoindian use of the Chaco area.Survey Evidence Reference(s)Transect survey Folsom point from site 0.5 mile northeast of the monument Judge (1972a:31)Inventory surveyPreform on a Late Pueblo II house moundPossible Plainview base from a lithic scatter (29SJJ43 1)Hayes (1981 :23)Additional lands survey Agate Basin-style base from lithic scatter (29SJ3848) Cameron and Young (1986);Powers and McKenna (1985)Total Paleoindian Points 51 Plainview-style base from isolated occurrence 140Survey DataPaleoindian Evidence. Only five Paleoindianprojectile points have been documented during surveysin Chaco Canyon (Table 3.1). One Folsom site justoutside and northeast of the park was noted by Judge(1972:31), who suggested that it may indicate continuityof use of the area starting 10,000 years ago.Hayes (1981:23) added two other early points-apreform found on a Late Pueblo II house mound, anda base, possibly Plainview, from a lithic site(29SJ1431)-to confirm the presence of big gamehunters in the Chaco area. Two additional projectilepoint bases (both from Chacra Mesa) complete theartifact inventory. An Agate Basin-style point basewas found on a lithic scatter (29SJ2848), which alsohas a Navajo component (Powers and McKenna1985:22); Young (Cameron and Young 1986:50, PlatelA) described this base as made from fossiliferouschert. The second Paleoindian artifact (10140, foundon the trail to 29MC431), is a Plainview-style pointbase made from chalcedony (Cameron and Young1986:50, Plate IB; Powers and McKenna 1985).These few points suggest that early hunters usedChacra Mesa, the North Mesa near Cly's Canyon, andan area north of the park.The Archaic Adaptation. Judge (1981b:115)defined five temporal categories, based on the types ofprojectile points (or fragments) recovered (Table 3.2).The Early Archaic (Middle and Late Jay points) haslong-stemmed dart points, often made from basalt; theLate Jay points have indented bases. The MiddleArchaic includes stemmed Pinto Basin points. TheLate Archaic includes stemmed San Jose points.Basketmaker II points are corner-notched and wellmade (Judge 1972a:31). Definitions correspond withthose presented by Irwin-Williams (1967, 1973).Table 3.2. Breakdown of presedentary sitesrecorded during transect survey.·Temporal Classification Number of FrequencySites of SitesMiddle Jay 0.3Late Jay 0.3Middle Archaic 7 2.3Late Archaic 7 2.3Basketmaker II ..1 UTotals 20 6.5a Taken from Judge (1972a:30).Preceramic sites were not confined to ChacraMesa on the east. Sites were located on ridge tops,mesa and canyon edges, and structural benches onboth the north and south sides of the canyon (Judge1972:45)-locations that correlated well (71.4 percent)with the Cliff House Formation. Judge suggestedthat elevated site locations probably providedaccess to more abundant vegetation and faunalresources, while edge locations were in proximity toboth water and vegetal resources. Four sites were alsorecorded on the hottomlands (Hayes 1981:Figure 11;Figure 3.1). In the additions survey, 11 Archaic
iNParkBOlJndory°t. - =~~.I'E=-iilr-~2 I = _ Mileso I 2 Kilometers.~Figure 3.1.Archaic and Basketmaker II sites recorded during the inventory survey. (Based on Hayes 1981:Figure 11.)
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--------Culture and Ecology ofChaco
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3. THE PRECERAMIC PERIOD IN CHACO C
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History of the Chaco Navajo '" . .
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~~~-------3.21. Overview of Sheep C
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10.12. Map 5, locating Historic per
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-- - -- - ---- ~----- - --B.I. Cera
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List of participants in the School
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1971, Robert H. Lister, then at the
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Personnel associated with the Chaco
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For this volume, lowe special thank
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2 Chaco Project Synthesis50. J •
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4 Chaco Project Synthesisand the fe
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6 Chaco Project Synthesispainted Es
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10 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 1.
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Page 36 and 37: 14 Chaco Project SynthesisCompariso
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Page 43 and 44: Chapter TwoThe Environment and Natu
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Page 47 and 48: Environment and Natural Resources 2
Page 49: Environment and Natural Resources 2
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Page 54 and 55: 32 Chaco Project SynthesisA few yea
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Page 66 and 67: 44 Chaco Project Synthesisflavescen
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Page 84 and 85: 62 Chaco Project Synthesisto the So
Page 88 and 89: 66 Chaco Project SynthesisTable 3.3
Page 90 and 91: 68 Chaco Project SynthesisTable 3.5
Page 92 and 93: 70 Chaco Project Synthesisshallow c
Page 94 and 95: 72 Chaco Project Synthesis..... ~--
Page 96 and 97: 74 Chaco Project Synthesis./-""\I \
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Page 100 and 101: 78 Chaco Project Synthesisthe first
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Page 106 and 107: 84 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 3.
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Page 110 and 111: -------------- ._----------88 Chaco
Page 112 and 113: 90 Chaco Project SynthesisThe secon
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Page 120 and 121: 98 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 4.
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Page 124 and 125: Figure 4.2.Identified Basketmaker I
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Page 131 and 132: Output File Types 115Intensity File
Page 133 and 134: Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 111stor
Page 135 and 136: Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 113and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 115peop
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 117and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 119Fami
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 121by a
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------- - -----------------Basketma
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--------Basketmaker III to Pueblo I
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Chapter FiveThe Florescence of the
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The Florescence 131ExcavationsData
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------ -- - -- --The Florescence 13
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FP5ooo1
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Plthou •• C~f 8 0 0-: ~oo:~g(_-
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TRASH MOUNDoIoFigure 5.5. Map of 29
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The Florescence 141on-white, and Ga
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The Florescence 143Other Small Hous
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\ I\ II :: \1 I: I a ..\\\ l .-'';~
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II/ffII,II( /IMOOI:AIIaccOSIl(lAC,"
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IffFI//II/IIjI,//III" 1111001:"'"II
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, ,, fI f, If ,I f/ ,"If MCOCR~I A[
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Great No1lh Road J• StoifS.......
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,I MC~t~ij/ ':'.b'_''"'o/!PUEBLO AL
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The Florescence 157Recently Wills (
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The Florescence 159Figure 5.19.Earl
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"I----_\---~~--.-';--_:::::'y',..~f
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The Florescence 163rough-sort metho
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The Florescence 165Ceramics dating
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The Florescence 167Figure 5.24.Alta
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The Florescence 169Bonito phase str
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The Florescence 171Three road-relat
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The Florescence 173Figure 5.29.Aeri
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The Florescence 175construction cou
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Chapter SixThe Classic Adaptation W
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The Classic Adaptation 179were abov
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The Classic Adaptation 181upland ar
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The Classic Adaptation 183Estimated
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The Classic Adaptation 185which are
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Table 6.5. (cont'd.)Population Esti
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Table 6.7. Windes's small-house pop
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--_._-- -------The Classic Adaptati
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The Classic Adaptation 193sp.); buc
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The Classic Adaptation 195e.g., a d
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The Classic Adaptation 197block siz
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The Classic Adaptation 199and fir b
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The Classic Adaptation 201between f
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340 \I,II320 "• I......---5 - Yea
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The Classic Adaptation 205in and ar
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Table 6.8. (cont'd.)FeatureExamples
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The Classic Adaptation 209gested by
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The Classic Adaptation 211Table 6.9
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The Classic Adaptation 213.''-...,,
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The Classic Adaptation 215chalcedon
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Table 6.11. Projected ceramic consu
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The Classic Adaptation 219structure
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The Classic Adaptation 221Bonito, w
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The Classic Adaptation 223number of
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Chapter SevenThe Final Years (A.D.
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117'1[ .....II)...0"'1.111"'tlll~'[
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~ ___The Final Years 229RIR2R3__..i
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The Final Years 2311964) included c
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The Final Years 233, ,o J 2 3METERS
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-- -- - - - - -- - ~- -~-------- -
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_ - ~2 - -1 __ R_4_---J __ R_6_~R3R
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The Final Years 239most often with
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The Final Years 241severe drought f
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The Final Years 243ceramic types, b
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Chapter EightRelated Communities in
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Related Communities 247Calendrical0
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• WALL.ACESKUNK SPRINGS IIIIII ST
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• ESCALANTE.IDA JEAN• WALLACESK
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Related Communities 253(Marshall et
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Related Communities 255foodstuffs k
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Related Communities 257and cupule w
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GWeST. ( )~1 PIERRE'S~I ~.~~ ~ .•
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Related Communities 261possibility
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Related Communities 263by the Red M
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Related Communities 265when the div
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268 Chaco Project Synthesismigrated
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270 Chaco Project Synthesiswas not
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272 Chaco Project SynthesisCanyon r
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274 Chaco Project Synthesisgreater
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276 Chaco Project Synthesislayout,
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278 Chaco Project Synthesisleadersh
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-- -~----280 Chaco Project Synthesi
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282 Chaco Project SynthesisDiscussi
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284 Chaco Project Synthesissedentiz
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286 Chaco Project Synthesis• chan
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288 Chaco Project Synthesiswatered
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290 Chaco Project SynthesisEven ear
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292 Chaco Project Synthesis1954:65)
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294 Chaco Project Synthesisp337123
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296 Chaco Project Synthesisnecessar
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Chapter TenHistoric Period StudiesE
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Historic Period Studies 301control
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Historic Period Studies 303Chaco Pr
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Historic Period Studies 305Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 307Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 309lived in
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Historic Period Studies 311Warburto
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Figure 10.9.Map 2, locating Histori
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Figure 10.11. Map 4, locating Histo
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Figure 10.13. Map 6, locating Histo
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Figure 10.15. Map 8, which combines
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Historic Period Studies 321(_ 29SJI
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Historic Period Studies 323informat
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Historic Period Studies 325as stove
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Historic Period Studies 327them els
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Historic Period Studies 329the case
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Chapter ElevenThe Chaco Project fro
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A Broader Perspective 333Among arch
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A Broader Perspective 335Assuming t
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Table 11.2. Population thresholds i
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A Broader Perspective 339whom fall
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A Broader Perspective 341Table 11.3
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A Broader Perspective 343that is re
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Appendix AExcavated Sites in Chaco
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Table A.1. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.2. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.3. Sites excavated or exami
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Table A.3. (cont' d.)Site Name Site
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Table A.4. Sites excavated or exami
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Table AA. (cont'd.)Site Name Site N
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Table A.5. (cont'd.)Site No. Site N
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Table A.S. (cont'd.)5ite No. 5ite N
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Appendix BChronology ChartsThrougho
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Appendix B 365Table B.3. Dominant c
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Table B.4. (cont'd.)Pecos Classific
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Appendix CThe Chaco Synthesis Proje
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Appendix C 371Table C.l. The organi
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Appendix C 373Table C.3. The Chaco
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Appendix C 375Table C.5. Chaco, Mes
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Appendix C 377Table C.7. The capsto
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Appendix C 379Table C.S.In Search o
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382 Chaco Project SynthesisArcheolo
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384 Chaco Project SynthesisBinford,
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386 Chaco Project SynthesisMexico,
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388 Chaco Project SynthesisMonument
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390 Chaco Project SynthesisDoyel, D
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392 Chaco Project SynthesisUniversi
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-~ -- - -- ------394 Chaco Project
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396 Chaco Project SynthesisAmerican
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398 Chaco Project SynthesisMiscella
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400 Chaco Project SynthesisKlausner
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402 Chaco Project SynthesisLoose, R
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404 Chaco Project SynthesisPrice, p
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406 Chaco Project Synthesis1984 The
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408 Chaco Project SynthesisOrtiz, A
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410 Chaco Project SynthesisPsycholo
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412 Chaco Project SynthesisSchoenwe
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414 Chaco Project SynthesisSprague,
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416 Chaco Project Synthesis2000 Mac
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418 Chaco Project Synthesis1970b As
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420 Chaco Project SynthesisWhaley,
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-----------------------422 Chaco Pr
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Indexabandonment, and dispersion, 2
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Index 427bow and arrow, 63, 99Bradf
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Index 429demography: community, mar
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Index 431Hack, J. T., 32Half House,
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Index 433Little Colorado (River) ar
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Index 435population as a system, 33
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Index 437264, and nearest-neighbor
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Index 43929Mc391 structure, 30929SJ
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Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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