Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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-------48 Chaco Project SynthesisYIIS a.1! EOUAH EOLIAII.1,000STRATIGRAPliY PROCESSES0- locol _EOU .. II UillT l~#poIIII,..'"'"../I- $OilI-I11"./0",..'"2- iI"bl/l~,,/I"nUI'Pf:~ PALEOSOLAI.l.UVIALSTRATIGRAPHY!'OST-IOilITOClt"COfl.UVIALPROC£SSESollU'IIilllfl 01hmw"I",' .;g;"C/l41111~ trmcllillgARCHAEOLOGYICAVA.IO""lILO I. II, litIASKETWAKEIICLIMATEZIltaCCNTURYOilY Wt;T..~.:VEGETATION~ OCUIIT-Ia-z3-.. - UNIT(Ol.l""25-1- I7-dflne*POlili."dUll'ULLO..".,--------le.I'flJlw;vm ofloctll OIlgl.til/wi"'" 01It"dWt:ll.,., ~ig;nci.n..",ARCHAIC.. -3;! ..~ :}: ..-4:::: 11SHRUI..~~Ii ..;;:l: -$.:: oS- - -6-7a-.,oili/lztllIOllGIIASSLIoIiD-8soU,- .. ... d .... I_,... ,, '"«:,OWER PALEOSOL10- 1'10" fQoioeatOOn do InAa.;, , , ... ...F!,~"OA PAL(OSOLcS4ild",./opmH'oPALEO-INOIAHEFG-910Figure 2.6.Environmental changes in Chaco Canyon: A) stratigraphy of dunes and soils of ChacoDune field; B) processes affecting dune field; C) stratigraphy of alluvium at Chaco Canyon;D) processes affecting Chaco Canyon alluvial record, channel trenching coincides withincreased rainfall; E) archaeology of San Juan Basin; F) paleoclimate based onreconstruction of vegetation from pollen and plant macrofossil data; and G) vegetationreconstruction from pollen and plant macrofossil data for basin area below 2,000 m.(Taken from Hall 1990:Figure 7.)Evidence from Pack Rat MiddensDuring the analysis of material excavated fromAtlatl Cave, Earl Neller (1975) recognized the valueof studying pack rat middens to aid in thereconstruction of the paleoenvironment. Thomas R.Van Devender and Julio L. Betancourt of the geosciencesdepartment at the University of Arizonacollected and analyzed macrofossils from 22 pack ratmiddens from four different locations on the northside of the canyon and one in Werito's Rincon on thesouth side. Radiocarbon dates were obtained(Betancourt and Van Devender 1980, 1981). Theresults of the macrobotanical analysis provided clues
Environment and Natural Resources 49CULTURALSEQUENCE.------r-H~'S T-OR-'C-' N-'V-AJO 7~ ~~~ n 7 i 7~ ~I' ~II j !;,.Ii iIFigure 2.7.Environmental reconstruction based on study of macrobotanical remains recovered frompack rat middens. (Taken from Betancourt and Van Devender 1981 :Figure 1.)to changes in the environment during the past 11,000years. Figure 2.7 summarizes the data, which wereinterpreted as follows:Late Pleistocene: The area probably was coveredby a subalpine forest consisting mainly of limberpine (Pinus cf. jlexilis) , Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii), and spruce (Picea sp.).Early Holocene (or Paleoindian, 11, 000 to 9,000B.P.): Mixed conifer communities were dominated byDouglas-fir, Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperusscopulorum), and limber pine. There was only oneexample of spruce. It was inferred that the plantcommunities in Chaco Canyon were relicts of anextensive Late Pleistocene forest dominated byDouglas-fir, limber pine, and spruce. The weather
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- --- - - --~ -----31D / D-9tcCultu
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--------Culture and Ecology ofChaco
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3. THE PRECERAMIC PERIOD IN CHACO C
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History of the Chaco Navajo '" . .
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~~~-------3.21. Overview of Sheep C
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10.12. Map 5, locating Historic per
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-- - -- - ---- ~----- - --B.I. Cera
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List of participants in the School
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1971, Robert H. Lister, then at the
Page 20 and 21: Personnel associated with the Chaco
Page 22 and 23: For this volume, lowe special thank
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Page 36 and 37: 14 Chaco Project SynthesisCompariso
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Page 43 and 44: Chapter TwoThe Environment and Natu
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Page 47 and 48: Environment and Natural Resources 2
Page 49: Environment and Natural Resources 2
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Page 106 and 107: 84 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 3.
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Page 110 and 111: -------------- ._----------88 Chaco
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98 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 4.
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--------------------- ~~~~-~~-100 C
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Figure 4.2.Identified Basketmaker I
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ooo00 0o 0 00o 0 0qo000 00 "~""" 0~
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•BftlO€)•••• oI
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Output File Types 115Intensity File
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 111stor
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 113and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 115peop
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 117and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 119Fami
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 121by a
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------- - -----------------Basketma
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--------Basketmaker III to Pueblo I
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Chapter FiveThe Florescence of the
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The Florescence 131ExcavationsData
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------ -- - -- --The Florescence 13
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FP5ooo1
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Plthou •• C~f 8 0 0-: ~oo:~g(_-
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TRASH MOUNDoIoFigure 5.5. Map of 29
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The Florescence 141on-white, and Ga
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The Florescence 143Other Small Hous
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\ I\ II :: \1 I: I a ..\\\ l .-'';~
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II/ffII,II( /IMOOI:AIIaccOSIl(lAC,"
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IffFI//II/IIjI,//III" 1111001:"'"II
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, ,, fI f, If ,I f/ ,"If MCOCR~I A[
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Great No1lh Road J• StoifS.......
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,I MC~t~ij/ ':'.b'_''"'o/!PUEBLO AL
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The Florescence 157Recently Wills (
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The Florescence 159Figure 5.19.Earl
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"I----_\---~~--.-';--_:::::'y',..~f
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The Florescence 163rough-sort metho
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The Florescence 165Ceramics dating
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The Florescence 167Figure 5.24.Alta
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The Florescence 169Bonito phase str
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The Florescence 171Three road-relat
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The Florescence 173Figure 5.29.Aeri
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The Florescence 175construction cou
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Chapter SixThe Classic Adaptation W
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The Classic Adaptation 179were abov
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The Classic Adaptation 181upland ar
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The Classic Adaptation 183Estimated
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The Classic Adaptation 185which are
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Table 6.5. (cont'd.)Population Esti
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Table 6.7. Windes's small-house pop
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--_._-- -------The Classic Adaptati
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The Classic Adaptation 193sp.); buc
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The Classic Adaptation 195e.g., a d
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The Classic Adaptation 197block siz
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The Classic Adaptation 199and fir b
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The Classic Adaptation 201between f
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340 \I,II320 "• I......---5 - Yea
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The Classic Adaptation 205in and ar
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Table 6.8. (cont'd.)FeatureExamples
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The Classic Adaptation 209gested by
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The Classic Adaptation 211Table 6.9
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The Classic Adaptation 213.''-...,,
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The Classic Adaptation 215chalcedon
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Table 6.11. Projected ceramic consu
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The Classic Adaptation 219structure
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The Classic Adaptation 221Bonito, w
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The Classic Adaptation 223number of
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Chapter SevenThe Final Years (A.D.
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117'1[ .....II)...0"'1.111"'tlll~'[
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~ ___The Final Years 229RIR2R3__..i
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The Final Years 2311964) included c
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The Final Years 233, ,o J 2 3METERS
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-- -- - - - - -- - ~- -~-------- -
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_ - ~2 - -1 __ R_4_---J __ R_6_~R3R
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The Final Years 239most often with
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The Final Years 241severe drought f
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The Final Years 243ceramic types, b
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Chapter EightRelated Communities in
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Related Communities 247Calendrical0
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• WALL.ACESKUNK SPRINGS IIIIII ST
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• ESCALANTE.IDA JEAN• WALLACESK
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Related Communities 253(Marshall et
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Related Communities 255foodstuffs k
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Related Communities 257and cupule w
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GWeST. ( )~1 PIERRE'S~I ~.~~ ~ .•
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Related Communities 261possibility
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Related Communities 263by the Red M
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Related Communities 265when the div
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268 Chaco Project Synthesismigrated
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270 Chaco Project Synthesiswas not
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272 Chaco Project SynthesisCanyon r
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274 Chaco Project Synthesisgreater
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276 Chaco Project Synthesislayout,
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278 Chaco Project Synthesisleadersh
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-- -~----280 Chaco Project Synthesi
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282 Chaco Project SynthesisDiscussi
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284 Chaco Project Synthesissedentiz
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286 Chaco Project Synthesis• chan
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288 Chaco Project Synthesiswatered
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290 Chaco Project SynthesisEven ear
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292 Chaco Project Synthesis1954:65)
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294 Chaco Project Synthesisp337123
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296 Chaco Project Synthesisnecessar
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Chapter TenHistoric Period StudiesE
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Historic Period Studies 301control
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Historic Period Studies 303Chaco Pr
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Historic Period Studies 305Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 307Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 309lived in
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Historic Period Studies 311Warburto
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Figure 10.9.Map 2, locating Histori
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Figure 10.11. Map 4, locating Histo
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Figure 10.13. Map 6, locating Histo
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Figure 10.15. Map 8, which combines
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Historic Period Studies 321(_ 29SJI
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Historic Period Studies 323informat
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Historic Period Studies 325as stove
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Historic Period Studies 327them els
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Historic Period Studies 329the case
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Chapter ElevenThe Chaco Project fro
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A Broader Perspective 333Among arch
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A Broader Perspective 335Assuming t
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Table 11.2. Population thresholds i
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A Broader Perspective 339whom fall
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A Broader Perspective 341Table 11.3
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A Broader Perspective 343that is re
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Appendix AExcavated Sites in Chaco
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Table A.1. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.2. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.3. Sites excavated or exami
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Table A.3. (cont' d.)Site Name Site
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Table A.4. Sites excavated or exami
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Table AA. (cont'd.)Site Name Site N
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Table A.5. (cont'd.)Site No. Site N
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Table A.S. (cont'd.)5ite No. 5ite N
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Appendix BChronology ChartsThrougho
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Appendix B 365Table B.3. Dominant c
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Table B.4. (cont'd.)Pecos Classific
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Appendix CThe Chaco Synthesis Proje
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Appendix C 371Table C.l. The organi
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Appendix C 373Table C.3. The Chaco
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Appendix C 375Table C.5. Chaco, Mes
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Appendix C 377Table C.7. The capsto
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Appendix C 379Table C.S.In Search o
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382 Chaco Project SynthesisArcheolo
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384 Chaco Project SynthesisBinford,
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386 Chaco Project SynthesisMexico,
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388 Chaco Project SynthesisMonument
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390 Chaco Project SynthesisDoyel, D
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392 Chaco Project SynthesisUniversi
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-~ -- - -- ------394 Chaco Project
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396 Chaco Project SynthesisAmerican
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398 Chaco Project SynthesisMiscella
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400 Chaco Project SynthesisKlausner
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402 Chaco Project SynthesisLoose, R
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404 Chaco Project SynthesisPrice, p
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406 Chaco Project Synthesis1984 The
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408 Chaco Project SynthesisOrtiz, A
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410 Chaco Project SynthesisPsycholo
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412 Chaco Project SynthesisSchoenwe
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414 Chaco Project SynthesisSprague,
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416 Chaco Project Synthesis2000 Mac
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418 Chaco Project Synthesis1970b As
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420 Chaco Project SynthesisWhaley,
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-----------------------422 Chaco Pr
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Indexabandonment, and dispersion, 2
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Index 427bow and arrow, 63, 99Bradf
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Index 429demography: community, mar
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Index 431Hack, J. T., 32Half House,
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Index 433Little Colorado (River) ar
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Index 435population as a system, 33
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Index 437264, and nearest-neighbor
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Index 43929Mc391 structure, 30929SJ
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Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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