Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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92 Chaco Project SynthesisYears B.P.12.000Veors B.C.'Mild' Winters, Cool Summers ..... 10,000lCIOViS11,000 r- 900010,0009000IFo l50mTplanoI •1HCOdYColder Wintersr 8000Winter DominantPrecipitation -70008000 60007000Summer DominantIJOYPrecipitationr 5000BajadaModern Climatic aVegetative Conditions16000 40005000 San Joser- 30004000Warm, Xeric Period1 Armijo~ 20003000 -10002000IBMUIBM .m::Cooler, MesicWarmer, Xeric Interlude?~ B.C'/A.D.Cooler, Mesic1000 IOOOA.D.Figure 3.22.Judge's (1982b) hypothetical correlation of chronology, culture, and climate for the SanJuan Basin.
The Preceramic Period 93adoption of maize horticulture and the availability ofstorable surpluses was year-round occupationprobable. This, in tum, provided a foundation forlater agricultural adaptations (Elliott 1986).Gwinn Vivian (1990) examined the San JuanBasin data to evaluate a correlation between climaticchanges and cultural adaptations. He reviewed theevidence for Paleoindian, Archaic, and BasketmakerII use of the San Juan Basin to elucidate the basis forthe origins of, and clarify the processes of the systemtrajectory of, the Chaco Anasazi. Because most investigatorsused Irwin-William's (1979) description of theOshara tradition as a baseline for analysis of theirdata, they assumed that gradual cultural shiftscorrelated with changes in subsistence practices thatwere based on climatic fluctuations, particularlyprecipitation amounts and patterns (Gwinn Vivian1990:79-109).For the Paleoindian adaptation, Gwinn Vivianconsidered the availability of water one of the mostimportant factors that would have influenced thepresence of several species of animals, especiallymammoth, the major animal found in relation toClovis artifacts. There are several correlationsbetween sites and probable climatic variations.Although data are few, Clovis points have beenrecovered in the peripheries and the northern part ofthe San Juan Basin where water would have beenavailable in savannah-like areas around approximately9500 B.C. Between 9000 B.C. and 8500 B.C., therewas a drier period during which savannas andmegafauna withdrew and mammoth disappeared, onlyto be replaced with bison after 8500 to 8000 B. C. ,when increased moisture again extended grasslandsthat provided hunting territories for those using aFolsom technology. Folsom evidence is generallylimited to projectile points and appears in areas similarto those where Clovis points were found. From 8000to 6500 B.C., effective moisture decreased, andevidence for the Cody complex appears circa 6500B.C., when effective moisture that lasted until 6000B.C. is noted. Vivian (1990:81) indicated that theClovis, Folsom, and Cody complex remains areusually found on dunes and ridges above valleybottoms. His map of Paleoindian and Early Archaicsite locales (Vivian 1990: Figure 4.1) shows six areasof the San Juan Basin that were considered primarylocations (Arroyo Cuervo region, Chaco core,Gallegos Mesa, Upper Chuska Valley, Lower ChuskaValley, and Puerco Valley). Evidence for use of thedrier interior of San Juan Basin is limited.Gwinn Vivian (1990:83) contrasted the modelproposed by Irwin-Williams, who suggested that thePaleoindian hunters abandoned the San Juan Basinafter 6000 B.C. to follow large game animals eastward,with that of Judge (1982), who proposed thatenvironmental variables affected the local adaptationsand that changes in tool technology may simplyrepresent adaptations to these climatic changes.During the Eariy Archaic (5500 to 3000 B.C., or theJay and Bajada phases), Vivian acknowledged arelationship between greater aridity and changes in thelithic tool kits, specifically projectile points. The toolkits would reflect the greater adaptability to a semiaridenvironment that is somewhat similar to that seentoday. "In either case, increasing dryness probablyfostered greater concentration in localities withpermanent water" (Gwinn Vivian 1990:84).During the Late Archaic (3000 B.C. to A.D.400; San Jose, Armijo, and En Medio phases), therewere two different opinions about the climate. IrwinWilliams (1979) suggested that the climatic conditionsprovided increased effective moisture, while Judge(1982) differed. Gwinn Vivian (1990) suggested thatthe Late Archaic was not as dryas the Early Archaic,and that there was, therefore, increased plant growth.These conditions, however, did not provide sufficientgame animals for a return to hunting as a primarysubsistence strategy. Although there was an increasein human population growth, greater dependence onplants occurred. Data from the Chaco area wereconsidered similar to those reported from the ArroyoCuervo area, but there was a lack of evidence forseasonalaggregation. Simmons (1982, 1984d:l0-11),who worked just north of Chaco Canyon, thought thatChacra Mesa might have served as a winter campwhere such larger popUlations aggregated. WhenVivian compared data from a number of surveysconducted throughout the northern San Juan Basin, henoted that although Irwin-Williams's model for thisperiod was essentially substantiated, there were someminor regional differences by the Late En Mediaphase.The degree of Archaic cultural variation inthe Basin remains unclear, and the im-
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--------Culture and Ecology ofChaco
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3. THE PRECERAMIC PERIOD IN CHACO C
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History of the Chaco Navajo '" . .
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~~~-------3.21. Overview of Sheep C
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10.12. Map 5, locating Historic per
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-- - -- - ---- ~----- - --B.I. Cera
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List of participants in the School
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1971, Robert H. Lister, then at the
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Personnel associated with the Chaco
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For this volume, lowe special thank
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2 Chaco Project Synthesis50. J •
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4 Chaco Project Synthesisand the fe
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6 Chaco Project Synthesispainted Es
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10 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 1.
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14 Chaco Project SynthesisCompariso
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16 Chaco Project SynthesisDuring ex
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18 Chaco Project Synthesisobsidian
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Chapter TwoThe Environment and Natu
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-- --------------------- --------En
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Environment and Natural Resources 2
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Environment and Natural Resources 2
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~~~--~~~~ --30 Chaco Project Synthe
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32 Chaco Project SynthesisA few yea
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------------------------.34 Chaco P
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36 Chaco Project Synthesismeasureme
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38 Chaco Project SynthesisLybrook,
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40 Chaco Project Synthesis
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Page 66 and 67: 44 Chaco Project Synthesisflavescen
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Page 84 and 85: 62 Chaco Project Synthesisto the So
Page 86 and 87: 64 Chaco Project SynthesisTable 3.1
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Page 100 and 101: 78 Chaco Project Synthesisthe first
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Page 106 and 107: 84 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 3.
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Page 110 and 111: -------------- ._----------88 Chaco
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Page 124 and 125: Figure 4.2.Identified Basketmaker I
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Page 131 and 132: Output File Types 115Intensity File
Page 133 and 134: Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 111stor
Page 135 and 136: Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 113and
Page 137 and 138: Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 115peop
Page 139 and 140: Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 117and
Page 141 and 142: Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 119Fami
Page 143 and 144: Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 121by a
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Page 149 and 150: Chapter FiveThe Florescence of the
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Page 153 and 154: The Florescence 131ExcavationsData
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Page 161 and 162: TRASH MOUNDoIoFigure 5.5. Map of 29
Page 163 and 164: The Florescence 141on-white, and Ga
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The Florescence 143Other Small Hous
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\ I\ II :: \1 I: I a ..\\\ l .-'';~
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II/ffII,II( /IMOOI:AIIaccOSIl(lAC,"
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IffFI//II/IIjI,//III" 1111001:"'"II
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, ,, fI f, If ,I f/ ,"If MCOCR~I A[
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Great No1lh Road J• StoifS.......
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,I MC~t~ij/ ':'.b'_''"'o/!PUEBLO AL
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The Florescence 157Recently Wills (
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The Florescence 159Figure 5.19.Earl
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"I----_\---~~--.-';--_:::::'y',..~f
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The Florescence 163rough-sort metho
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The Florescence 165Ceramics dating
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The Florescence 167Figure 5.24.Alta
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The Florescence 169Bonito phase str
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The Florescence 171Three road-relat
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The Florescence 173Figure 5.29.Aeri
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The Florescence 175construction cou
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Chapter SixThe Classic Adaptation W
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The Classic Adaptation 179were abov
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The Classic Adaptation 181upland ar
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The Classic Adaptation 183Estimated
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The Classic Adaptation 185which are
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Table 6.5. (cont'd.)Population Esti
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Table 6.7. Windes's small-house pop
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--_._-- -------The Classic Adaptati
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The Classic Adaptation 193sp.); buc
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The Classic Adaptation 195e.g., a d
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The Classic Adaptation 197block siz
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The Classic Adaptation 199and fir b
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The Classic Adaptation 201between f
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340 \I,II320 "• I......---5 - Yea
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The Classic Adaptation 205in and ar
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Table 6.8. (cont'd.)FeatureExamples
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The Classic Adaptation 209gested by
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The Classic Adaptation 211Table 6.9
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The Classic Adaptation 213.''-...,,
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The Classic Adaptation 215chalcedon
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Table 6.11. Projected ceramic consu
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The Classic Adaptation 219structure
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The Classic Adaptation 221Bonito, w
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The Classic Adaptation 223number of
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Chapter SevenThe Final Years (A.D.
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117'1[ .....II)...0"'1.111"'tlll~'[
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~ ___The Final Years 229RIR2R3__..i
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The Final Years 2311964) included c
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The Final Years 233, ,o J 2 3METERS
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_ - ~2 - -1 __ R_4_---J __ R_6_~R3R
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The Final Years 239most often with
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The Final Years 241severe drought f
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The Final Years 243ceramic types, b
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Chapter EightRelated Communities in
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Related Communities 247Calendrical0
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• WALL.ACESKUNK SPRINGS IIIIII ST
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• ESCALANTE.IDA JEAN• WALLACESK
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Related Communities 253(Marshall et
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Related Communities 255foodstuffs k
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Related Communities 257and cupule w
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GWeST. ( )~1 PIERRE'S~I ~.~~ ~ .•
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Related Communities 261possibility
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Related Communities 263by the Red M
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Related Communities 265when the div
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268 Chaco Project Synthesismigrated
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270 Chaco Project Synthesiswas not
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272 Chaco Project SynthesisCanyon r
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274 Chaco Project Synthesisgreater
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276 Chaco Project Synthesislayout,
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278 Chaco Project Synthesisleadersh
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-- -~----280 Chaco Project Synthesi
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282 Chaco Project SynthesisDiscussi
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284 Chaco Project Synthesissedentiz
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286 Chaco Project Synthesis• chan
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288 Chaco Project Synthesiswatered
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290 Chaco Project SynthesisEven ear
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292 Chaco Project Synthesis1954:65)
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294 Chaco Project Synthesisp337123
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296 Chaco Project Synthesisnecessar
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Chapter TenHistoric Period StudiesE
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Historic Period Studies 301control
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Historic Period Studies 303Chaco Pr
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Historic Period Studies 305Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 307Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 309lived in
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Historic Period Studies 311Warburto
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Figure 10.9.Map 2, locating Histori
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Figure 10.11. Map 4, locating Histo
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Figure 10.13. Map 6, locating Histo
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Figure 10.15. Map 8, which combines
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Historic Period Studies 321(_ 29SJI
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Historic Period Studies 323informat
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Historic Period Studies 325as stove
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Historic Period Studies 327them els
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Historic Period Studies 329the case
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Chapter ElevenThe Chaco Project fro
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A Broader Perspective 333Among arch
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A Broader Perspective 335Assuming t
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Table 11.2. Population thresholds i
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A Broader Perspective 339whom fall
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A Broader Perspective 341Table 11.3
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A Broader Perspective 343that is re
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Appendix AExcavated Sites in Chaco
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Table A.1. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.2. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.3. Sites excavated or exami
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Table A.3. (cont' d.)Site Name Site
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Table A.4. Sites excavated or exami
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Table AA. (cont'd.)Site Name Site N
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Table A.5. (cont'd.)Site No. Site N
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Table A.S. (cont'd.)5ite No. 5ite N
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Appendix BChronology ChartsThrougho
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Appendix B 365Table B.3. Dominant c
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Table B.4. (cont'd.)Pecos Classific
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Appendix CThe Chaco Synthesis Proje
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Appendix C 371Table C.l. The organi
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Appendix C 373Table C.3. The Chaco
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Appendix C 375Table C.5. Chaco, Mes
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Appendix C 377Table C.7. The capsto
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Appendix C 379Table C.S.In Search o
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382 Chaco Project SynthesisArcheolo
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384 Chaco Project SynthesisBinford,
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386 Chaco Project SynthesisMexico,
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388 Chaco Project SynthesisMonument
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390 Chaco Project SynthesisDoyel, D
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392 Chaco Project SynthesisUniversi
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-~ -- - -- ------394 Chaco Project
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396 Chaco Project SynthesisAmerican
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398 Chaco Project SynthesisMiscella
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400 Chaco Project SynthesisKlausner
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402 Chaco Project SynthesisLoose, R
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404 Chaco Project SynthesisPrice, p
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406 Chaco Project Synthesis1984 The
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408 Chaco Project SynthesisOrtiz, A
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410 Chaco Project SynthesisPsycholo
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412 Chaco Project SynthesisSchoenwe
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414 Chaco Project SynthesisSprague,
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416 Chaco Project Synthesis2000 Mac
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418 Chaco Project Synthesis1970b As
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420 Chaco Project SynthesisWhaley,
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-----------------------422 Chaco Pr
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Indexabandonment, and dispersion, 2
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Index 427bow and arrow, 63, 99Bradf
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Index 429demography: community, mar
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Index 431Hack, J. T., 32Half House,
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Index 433Little Colorado (River) ar
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Index 435population as a system, 33
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Index 437264, and nearest-neighbor
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Index 43929Mc391 structure, 30929SJ
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Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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