Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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210 Chaco Project SynthesisN1NEW MEXICO ?#)e;\ ifl.--- 1a \ /~ ____ ~'l ("'0 ~1b / \\' f~)~ 1c"'l/ \ \IFigure 6.5.Known areas of production of ceramic wares found in Chaco Canyon. 1) Cibola white andgray wares: la) Chaco; Ib) Reserve; lc) Socorro/Cibolleta; 2) Chuska white and graywares; 3) White Mountain red ware; 4) San Juan white and gray wares; 5) San Juan redware; 6) Tusayan white and gray wares, red ware, and Tsegi orange ware; 7) LittleColorado white ware; and 8) Polished Smudged ware. (Taken from H. Toll and McKenna1997:Figure 2.10.)
The Classic Adaptation 211Table 6.9. Estimates of ceramic importsinto Chaco Canyon by period. aConservative MaximumEstimated EstimatedPeriod (A.D.) Percentages PercentagesPre-SOO 16.6 79.4SOO-920 2S.1 67.9920-1040 25.2 45.21040-1100 39.8 63.61100-1200 50.4 66.51200-1300 45.7 76.7a Taken from H.Toll and McKenna (1997:Tables 2.58and 2.59).timates indicate a dip in the Early Bonito phase, whichmight signify decreased interaction between Chacoansand their neighbors at this time.Within the entire Classic period, there are someinteresting shifts in source areas. Based on the assumptionthat chalcedonic cement sandstone representsinteraction and importation with southern groups, theoverall percentage for this temper type peaks betweenA.D. 800 and 920. The percentages for trachyte, indicativeof western ties, increase steadily through timeand peak between A.D. 1040 and 1100. San Juanigneous temper was never high; it decreased afterA.D. 920, reached a low of2.4 percent between A.D.1040 and 1100, increased slowly thereafter, andpeaked at 16.4 percent between AD. 1200 and 1300(H. Toll and McKenna 1997:Table 2.58). Other importedtemper types are low during the A.D. 800 to920 period, slowly increase between A.D. 1040 and1100, and show a greater increase thereafter. Basedon these trends, ties always connected the Chacoans topeople in many directions; these ties were neversevered, but closer reliance on different areas shiftedfrom the south to west, and later to the north.Other studies helped define the areas of ceramicproduction and level of craft specialization, but thereare many caveats that can be applied to differentexplanations for behavior that suggest craft special-ization (H. Toll 1985; H. Toll and McKenna1997: 164-211). The basic underlying assumption isthat the more standardization in the size of severalproduction variables, the more likely that craftspecialization existed. Also, different wares probablyhad different functions; therefore, each ware wasexamined separately to tease out the significance of thevariables analyzed. Because red wares and smudgedwares were few in number, H. Toll and McKenna(1997) focused on gray wares (thought to have beenused for storage and cooking) and white wares(thought to have been used for serving and specialpurposes).Because broad-based ceramic shifts affectinterpretations of specialization, H. Toll (1985:216-223; Toll and McKenna 1997:215) also took intoaccount six shifts: 1) The change from mineral tocarbon paint; 2) the change in vessel forms with smallorifices (e.g., Lino jars with necks and tecomates) towide-mouthed jars; 3) the appearance of the exteriormanipulation of gray ware neck coil width, whichtook place around A.D. 900 in Chaco; 4) an abandonmentof fugitive red treatment on vessel exteriors; 5)the adoption and rejection of vessel forms (e.g. gourdladles, pitchers, kiva jars, and mugs); and 6)decorative changes such as those seen between RedMesa to Gallup black-on-white designs. These nearlycontemporaneous changes throughout the Anasaziregion, especially those that occurred early, could bethe result of several organizational or functionalreasons. Functional reasons included a possible improvementin resistance to thermal shock by increasingthe texturing of gray ware vessels or the conservationof fuel by using organic paint that could be fired atlower temperatures. Organizational considerations includethe production by a limited number of pottersacross space who could quickly correlate improvementsand changes, decisions by authorities, or the useof style to indicate group membership that wouldfacilitate interaction among groups in an unpredictableenvironment (Gillespie 1985; Schelberg 1982a). Becauseof the extent of the changes and their timing, H.Toll suggested that social reasons were more likely.The level of specialization was difficult todetermine. H. Toll (1985; H. Toll and McKenna1997:206-207) found no evidence for the productionof specialized forms by producers attached to eliteleaders; the technology used to produce special forms
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--------Culture and Ecology ofChaco
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3. THE PRECERAMIC PERIOD IN CHACO C
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History of the Chaco Navajo '" . .
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~~~-------3.21. Overview of Sheep C
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10.12. Map 5, locating Historic per
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-- - -- - ---- ~----- - --B.I. Cera
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List of participants in the School
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1971, Robert H. Lister, then at the
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Personnel associated with the Chaco
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For this volume, lowe special thank
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2 Chaco Project Synthesis50. J •
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4 Chaco Project Synthesisand the fe
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6 Chaco Project Synthesispainted Es
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10 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 1.
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14 Chaco Project SynthesisCompariso
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16 Chaco Project SynthesisDuring ex
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18 Chaco Project Synthesisobsidian
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Chapter TwoThe Environment and Natu
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-- --------------------- --------En
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Environment and Natural Resources 2
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Environment and Natural Resources 2
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~~~--~~~~ --30 Chaco Project Synthe
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32 Chaco Project SynthesisA few yea
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------------------------.34 Chaco P
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36 Chaco Project Synthesismeasureme
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38 Chaco Project SynthesisLybrook,
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40 Chaco Project Synthesis
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44 Chaco Project Synthesisflavescen
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46 Chaco Project Synthesisnel prese
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-------48 Chaco Project SynthesisYI
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50 Chaco Project Synthesiswas proba
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52 Chaco Project Synthesis1981 [sic
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901to925950to9751001to10251050to107
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56 Chaco Project Synthesisamined th
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62 Chaco Project Synthesisto the So
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64 Chaco Project SynthesisTable 3.1
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70 Chaco Project Synthesisshallow c
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72 Chaco Project Synthesis..... ~--
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74 Chaco Project Synthesis./-""\I \
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76 Chaco Project Synthesis.. N20 I-
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78 Chaco Project Synthesisthe first
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----------------80 Chaco Project Sy
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--------86 Chaco Project Synthesis.
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-------------- ._----------88 Chaco
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90 Chaco Project SynthesisThe secon
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92 Chaco Project SynthesisYears B.P
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94 Chaco Project Synthesispression
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----------------------96 Chaco Proj
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--------------------- ~~~~-~~-100 C
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Figure 4.2.Identified Basketmaker I
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ooo00 0o 0 00o 0 0qo000 00 "~""" 0~
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•BftlO€)•••• oI
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Output File Types 115Intensity File
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 111stor
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 113and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 115peop
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 117and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 119Fami
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 121by a
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--------Basketmaker III to Pueblo I
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Chapter FiveThe Florescence of the
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The Florescence 131ExcavationsData
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------ -- - -- --The Florescence 13
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FP5ooo1
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Plthou •• C~f 8 0 0-: ~oo:~g(_-
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TRASH MOUNDoIoFigure 5.5. Map of 29
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The Florescence 141on-white, and Ga
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The Florescence 143Other Small Hous
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\ I\ II :: \1 I: I a ..\\\ l .-'';~
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II/ffII,II( /IMOOI:AIIaccOSIl(lAC,"
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IffFI//II/IIjI,//III" 1111001:"'"II
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, ,, fI f, If ,I f/ ,"If MCOCR~I A[
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Great No1lh Road J• StoifS.......
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,I MC~t~ij/ ':'.b'_''"'o/!PUEBLO AL
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The Florescence 157Recently Wills (
Page 181 and 182: The Florescence 159Figure 5.19.Earl
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Page 185 and 186: The Florescence 163rough-sort metho
Page 187 and 188: The Florescence 165Ceramics dating
Page 189 and 190: The Florescence 167Figure 5.24.Alta
Page 191 and 192: The Florescence 169Bonito phase str
Page 193 and 194: The Florescence 171Three road-relat
Page 195 and 196: The Florescence 173Figure 5.29.Aeri
Page 197 and 198: The Florescence 175construction cou
Page 199 and 200: Chapter SixThe Classic Adaptation W
Page 201 and 202: The Classic Adaptation 179were abov
Page 203 and 204: The Classic Adaptation 181upland ar
Page 205 and 206: The Classic Adaptation 183Estimated
Page 207 and 208: The Classic Adaptation 185which are
Page 209 and 210: Table 6.5. (cont'd.)Population Esti
Page 211 and 212: Table 6.7. Windes's small-house pop
Page 213 and 214: --_._-- -------The Classic Adaptati
Page 215 and 216: The Classic Adaptation 193sp.); buc
Page 217 and 218: The Classic Adaptation 195e.g., a d
Page 219 and 220: The Classic Adaptation 197block siz
Page 221 and 222: The Classic Adaptation 199and fir b
Page 223 and 224: The Classic Adaptation 201between f
Page 225 and 226: 340 \I,II320 "• I......---5 - Yea
Page 227 and 228: The Classic Adaptation 205in and ar
Page 229 and 230: Table 6.8. (cont'd.)FeatureExamples
Page 231: The Classic Adaptation 209gested by
Page 235 and 236: The Classic Adaptation 213.''-...,,
Page 237 and 238: The Classic Adaptation 215chalcedon
Page 239 and 240: Table 6.11. Projected ceramic consu
Page 241 and 242: The Classic Adaptation 219structure
Page 243 and 244: The Classic Adaptation 221Bonito, w
Page 245 and 246: The Classic Adaptation 223number of
Page 247 and 248: Chapter SevenThe Final Years (A.D.
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Page 251 and 252: ~ ___The Final Years 229RIR2R3__..i
Page 253 and 254: The Final Years 2311964) included c
Page 255 and 256: The Final Years 233, ,o J 2 3METERS
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Page 261 and 262: The Final Years 239most often with
Page 263 and 264: The Final Years 241severe drought f
Page 265 and 266: The Final Years 243ceramic types, b
Page 267 and 268: Chapter EightRelated Communities in
Page 269 and 270: Related Communities 247Calendrical0
Page 271 and 272: • WALL.ACESKUNK SPRINGS IIIIII ST
Page 273 and 274: • ESCALANTE.IDA JEAN• WALLACESK
Page 275 and 276: Related Communities 253(Marshall et
Page 277 and 278: Related Communities 255foodstuffs k
Page 279 and 280: Related Communities 257and cupule w
Page 281 and 282: GWeST. ( )~1 PIERRE'S~I ~.~~ ~ .•
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Related Communities 261possibility
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Related Communities 263by the Red M
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Related Communities 265when the div
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268 Chaco Project Synthesismigrated
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270 Chaco Project Synthesiswas not
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272 Chaco Project SynthesisCanyon r
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274 Chaco Project Synthesisgreater
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276 Chaco Project Synthesislayout,
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278 Chaco Project Synthesisleadersh
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-- -~----280 Chaco Project Synthesi
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282 Chaco Project SynthesisDiscussi
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284 Chaco Project Synthesissedentiz
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286 Chaco Project Synthesis• chan
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288 Chaco Project Synthesiswatered
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290 Chaco Project SynthesisEven ear
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292 Chaco Project Synthesis1954:65)
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294 Chaco Project Synthesisp337123
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296 Chaco Project Synthesisnecessar
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Chapter TenHistoric Period StudiesE
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Historic Period Studies 301control
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Historic Period Studies 303Chaco Pr
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Historic Period Studies 305Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 307Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 309lived in
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Historic Period Studies 311Warburto
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Figure 10.9.Map 2, locating Histori
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Figure 10.11. Map 4, locating Histo
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Figure 10.13. Map 6, locating Histo
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Figure 10.15. Map 8, which combines
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Historic Period Studies 321(_ 29SJI
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Historic Period Studies 323informat
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Historic Period Studies 325as stove
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Historic Period Studies 327them els
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Historic Period Studies 329the case
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Chapter ElevenThe Chaco Project fro
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A Broader Perspective 333Among arch
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A Broader Perspective 335Assuming t
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Table 11.2. Population thresholds i
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A Broader Perspective 339whom fall
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A Broader Perspective 341Table 11.3
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A Broader Perspective 343that is re
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Appendix AExcavated Sites in Chaco
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Table A.1. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.2. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.3. Sites excavated or exami
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Table A.3. (cont' d.)Site Name Site
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Table A.4. Sites excavated or exami
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Table AA. (cont'd.)Site Name Site N
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Table A.5. (cont'd.)Site No. Site N
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Table A.S. (cont'd.)5ite No. 5ite N
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Appendix BChronology ChartsThrougho
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Appendix B 365Table B.3. Dominant c
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Table B.4. (cont'd.)Pecos Classific
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Appendix CThe Chaco Synthesis Proje
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Appendix C 371Table C.l. The organi
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Appendix C 373Table C.3. The Chaco
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Appendix C 375Table C.5. Chaco, Mes
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Appendix C 377Table C.7. The capsto
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Appendix C 379Table C.S.In Search o
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382 Chaco Project SynthesisArcheolo
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384 Chaco Project SynthesisBinford,
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386 Chaco Project SynthesisMexico,
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388 Chaco Project SynthesisMonument
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390 Chaco Project SynthesisDoyel, D
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392 Chaco Project SynthesisUniversi
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-~ -- - -- ------394 Chaco Project
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396 Chaco Project SynthesisAmerican
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398 Chaco Project SynthesisMiscella
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400 Chaco Project SynthesisKlausner
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402 Chaco Project SynthesisLoose, R
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404 Chaco Project SynthesisPrice, p
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406 Chaco Project Synthesis1984 The
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408 Chaco Project SynthesisOrtiz, A
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410 Chaco Project SynthesisPsycholo
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412 Chaco Project SynthesisSchoenwe
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414 Chaco Project SynthesisSprague,
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416 Chaco Project Synthesis2000 Mac
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418 Chaco Project Synthesis1970b As
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420 Chaco Project SynthesisWhaley,
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-----------------------422 Chaco Pr
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Indexabandonment, and dispersion, 2
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Index 427bow and arrow, 63, 99Bradf
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Index 429demography: community, mar
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Index 431Hack, J. T., 32Half House,
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Index 433Little Colorado (River) ar
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Index 435population as a system, 33
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Index 437264, and nearest-neighbor
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Index 43929Mc391 structure, 30929SJ
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Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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