Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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188 Chaco Project Synthesisfirst discovered. This section will review data andproblems associated with population estimates andhealth that need to be resolved.Population EstimatesPopulation estimates for Chaco Canyon varyconsiderably (Table 6.5). The most common methodcounts the number of rooms and multiplies by areasonable factor. The use of architecture, however,is fraught with pitfalls, even when based on the samedata. For example, Loew (1875: 1096) assumed thata family of four inhabited each room at PuebloPintado. In contrast, Jackson (1878:436) thought afamily of five would use four rooms. Thus, their estimatesfor Pueblo Pintado were 400 and 200 ,respectively.Prior to the 1970s, most population estimatesconsidered only the occupation of great house sites(Table 6.5), and investigators assumed these werehabitation sites used by the local agricultural population.In contrast, Fisher's (1934:21) estimate wasbased on the amount of irrigable land and availablerunoff for the entire Chaco Basin.The first to examine popUlation by period and toinclude small site data was Pierson (1949), whorecorded 211 sites along the Chaco Wash. He estimatedthe number of rooms at each site and apportioned1.9 people per room based on contemporaryPueblo room use. Although his small-house surveywas incomplete, he concluded that 4,400 people livedin the canyon during its peak occupation betweenA.D. 950 and 1075 (Table 6.6).Based on the Chaco Project inventory survey,Hayes (1981:50-51) calculated that a family of 4.5individuals would use a three-room suite; thus,accurate numbers of rooms in a site were critical to hisresults. Hayes was aware of complicating factors thatwould affect his results (including sites buried underlater deposits or occupations) and tried to compensatefor such problems. During the period of maximumpopulation, his Early Pueblo II period (A.D. 1050 to1175), his total of 5,652 included 2,889 people insmall sites and 2,748 in great houses.Other Chaco Project investigators used differentapproaches. Drager (1976b) measured the areas of 12Table 6.6. Pierson's population estimates forChaco Canyon. aPeriodEstimated(A.D.) Total Rooms Population700 - 800 101 191800 - 850 923 1754850 - 950 1,837 3,490950 - 1075 2,316 4,4001075 - 1130 1,889 3,5091200 - 1300 168 391• Taken from Pierson (1949:Figure 4).Bonito and McElmo great houses on photogrammetricmaps. NaroWs (1962) formula (which he compared tomodem Pueblo use) depended on room area; it wasapplied to covered roof space to suggest a populationof 2,947 for the central canyon great houses. This isan increase of 201 over Hayes's (1981) estimate, anumber not unlikely given that two different methodsand formulas had been used. Drager used Hayes'snumbers for small sites to obtain a suggested total of5,836 as a maximum popUlation living in the canyon.The assumption that great houses were habitationsites, however, came into question. Windes (1982a)recognized that Hayes's population figures differedconsiderably from the popUlations that could besupported by the economic estimates of local woodresources (Betancourt and VanDevender 1981), arableland (Schelberg 1982a), and faunal remains (Akins1982b). Based on his work at Pueblo Alto, Windesproposed that big-room suites that lacked true firepitsmight represent single-use or short-term use forlimited functions. Other rooms probably were associatedwith road-related activities. As a result hequestioned whether these great houses were usedseasonally or year-round.Estimates of populations at great houses mustaddress several other considerations. Windes (1984a:83) recognized that excavations at Pueblo Altoindicated that the small site pattern of plaza-facing
Table 6.7. Windes's small-house population estimates, based on adjusted inventory survey. BEstimatedEstimatedNo. of percent Predicted number of Percentpueblos unaccounted number of abandoned contem-Period surveyed for pueblos pueblos Total rooms poraneousPueblo I 373 33 497 9 4,473 25700 - 900Early Pueblo II 353 15 406 9 3,654 50900 - 1050Late Pueblo II 323 15 371 9 3,339 501050 - 1100Early Pueblo III 270 7 289 10 2,890 67'1100 - 1150Late Pueblo III 172 7 186 10 80" 671200 - 1300Combined Early and 415 7 480 9 4,316 50Late Pueblo IITotalcontemporaryrooms1,1191,8271,6701,9265862,158Populationestimate1,6792,7362,5052,8898793,237• Minus great houses (980 rooms)......00\0
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--------Culture and Ecology ofChaco
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3. THE PRECERAMIC PERIOD IN CHACO C
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History of the Chaco Navajo '" . .
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~~~-------3.21. Overview of Sheep C
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10.12. Map 5, locating Historic per
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-- - -- - ---- ~----- - --B.I. Cera
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List of participants in the School
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1971, Robert H. Lister, then at the
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Personnel associated with the Chaco
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For this volume, lowe special thank
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2 Chaco Project Synthesis50. J •
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4 Chaco Project Synthesisand the fe
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6 Chaco Project Synthesispainted Es
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10 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 1.
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14 Chaco Project SynthesisCompariso
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16 Chaco Project SynthesisDuring ex
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18 Chaco Project Synthesisobsidian
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Chapter TwoThe Environment and Natu
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Environment and Natural Resources 2
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Environment and Natural Resources 2
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~~~--~~~~ --30 Chaco Project Synthe
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32 Chaco Project SynthesisA few yea
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------------------------.34 Chaco P
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36 Chaco Project Synthesismeasureme
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38 Chaco Project SynthesisLybrook,
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40 Chaco Project Synthesis
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44 Chaco Project Synthesisflavescen
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46 Chaco Project Synthesisnel prese
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-------48 Chaco Project SynthesisYI
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50 Chaco Project Synthesiswas proba
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52 Chaco Project Synthesis1981 [sic
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901to925950to9751001to10251050to107
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56 Chaco Project Synthesisamined th
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62 Chaco Project Synthesisto the So
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64 Chaco Project SynthesisTable 3.1
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70 Chaco Project Synthesisshallow c
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72 Chaco Project Synthesis..... ~--
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74 Chaco Project Synthesis./-""\I \
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76 Chaco Project Synthesis.. N20 I-
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78 Chaco Project Synthesisthe first
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----------------80 Chaco Project Sy
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--------86 Chaco Project Synthesis.
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-------------- ._----------88 Chaco
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90 Chaco Project SynthesisThe secon
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92 Chaco Project SynthesisYears B.P
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94 Chaco Project Synthesispression
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----------------------96 Chaco Proj
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--------------------- ~~~~-~~-100 C
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Figure 4.2.Identified Basketmaker I
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ooo00 0o 0 00o 0 0qo000 00 "~""" 0~
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•BftlO€)•••• oI
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Output File Types 115Intensity File
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 111stor
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 113and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 115peop
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 117and
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 119Fami
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Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 121by a
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------- - -----------------Basketma
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--------Basketmaker III to Pueblo I
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Chapter FiveThe Florescence of the
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The Florescence 131ExcavationsData
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------ -- - -- --The Florescence 13
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FP5ooo1
Page 159 and 160: Plthou •• C~f 8 0 0-: ~oo:~g(_-
Page 161 and 162: TRASH MOUNDoIoFigure 5.5. Map of 29
Page 163 and 164: The Florescence 141on-white, and Ga
Page 165 and 166: The Florescence 143Other Small Hous
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Page 169 and 170: II/ffII,II( /IMOOI:AIIaccOSIl(lAC,"
Page 171 and 172: IffFI//II/IIjI,//III" 1111001:"'"II
Page 173 and 174: , ,, fI f, If ,I f/ ,"If MCOCR~I A[
Page 175 and 176: Great No1lh Road J• StoifS.......
Page 177 and 178: ,I MC~t~ij/ ':'.b'_''"'o/!PUEBLO AL
Page 179 and 180: The Florescence 157Recently Wills (
Page 181 and 182: The Florescence 159Figure 5.19.Earl
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Page 185 and 186: The Florescence 163rough-sort metho
Page 187 and 188: The Florescence 165Ceramics dating
Page 189 and 190: The Florescence 167Figure 5.24.Alta
Page 191 and 192: The Florescence 169Bonito phase str
Page 193 and 194: The Florescence 171Three road-relat
Page 195 and 196: The Florescence 173Figure 5.29.Aeri
Page 197 and 198: The Florescence 175construction cou
Page 199 and 200: Chapter SixThe Classic Adaptation W
Page 201 and 202: The Classic Adaptation 179were abov
Page 203 and 204: The Classic Adaptation 181upland ar
Page 205 and 206: The Classic Adaptation 183Estimated
Page 207 and 208: The Classic Adaptation 185which are
Page 209: Table 6.5. (cont'd.)Population Esti
Page 213 and 214: --_._-- -------The Classic Adaptati
Page 215 and 216: The Classic Adaptation 193sp.); buc
Page 217 and 218: The Classic Adaptation 195e.g., a d
Page 219 and 220: The Classic Adaptation 197block siz
Page 221 and 222: The Classic Adaptation 199and fir b
Page 223 and 224: The Classic Adaptation 201between f
Page 225 and 226: 340 \I,II320 "• I......---5 - Yea
Page 227 and 228: The Classic Adaptation 205in and ar
Page 229 and 230: Table 6.8. (cont'd.)FeatureExamples
Page 231 and 232: The Classic Adaptation 209gested by
Page 233 and 234: The Classic Adaptation 211Table 6.9
Page 235 and 236: The Classic Adaptation 213.''-...,,
Page 237 and 238: The Classic Adaptation 215chalcedon
Page 239 and 240: Table 6.11. Projected ceramic consu
Page 241 and 242: The Classic Adaptation 219structure
Page 243 and 244: The Classic Adaptation 221Bonito, w
Page 245 and 246: The Classic Adaptation 223number of
Page 247 and 248: Chapter SevenThe Final Years (A.D.
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Page 251 and 252: ~ ___The Final Years 229RIR2R3__..i
Page 253 and 254: The Final Years 2311964) included c
Page 255 and 256: The Final Years 233, ,o J 2 3METERS
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The Final Years 239most often with
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The Final Years 241severe drought f
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The Final Years 243ceramic types, b
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Chapter EightRelated Communities in
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Related Communities 247Calendrical0
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• WALL.ACESKUNK SPRINGS IIIIII ST
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• ESCALANTE.IDA JEAN• WALLACESK
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Related Communities 253(Marshall et
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Related Communities 255foodstuffs k
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Related Communities 257and cupule w
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GWeST. ( )~1 PIERRE'S~I ~.~~ ~ .•
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Related Communities 261possibility
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Related Communities 263by the Red M
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Related Communities 265when the div
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268 Chaco Project Synthesismigrated
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270 Chaco Project Synthesiswas not
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272 Chaco Project SynthesisCanyon r
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274 Chaco Project Synthesisgreater
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276 Chaco Project Synthesislayout,
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278 Chaco Project Synthesisleadersh
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-- -~----280 Chaco Project Synthesi
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282 Chaco Project SynthesisDiscussi
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284 Chaco Project Synthesissedentiz
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286 Chaco Project Synthesis• chan
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288 Chaco Project Synthesiswatered
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290 Chaco Project SynthesisEven ear
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292 Chaco Project Synthesis1954:65)
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294 Chaco Project Synthesisp337123
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296 Chaco Project Synthesisnecessar
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Chapter TenHistoric Period StudiesE
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Historic Period Studies 301control
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Historic Period Studies 303Chaco Pr
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Historic Period Studies 305Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 307Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 309lived in
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Historic Period Studies 311Warburto
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Figure 10.9.Map 2, locating Histori
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Figure 10.11. Map 4, locating Histo
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Figure 10.13. Map 6, locating Histo
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Figure 10.15. Map 8, which combines
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Historic Period Studies 321(_ 29SJI
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Historic Period Studies 323informat
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Historic Period Studies 325as stove
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Historic Period Studies 327them els
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Historic Period Studies 329the case
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Chapter ElevenThe Chaco Project fro
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A Broader Perspective 333Among arch
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A Broader Perspective 335Assuming t
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Table 11.2. Population thresholds i
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A Broader Perspective 339whom fall
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A Broader Perspective 341Table 11.3
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A Broader Perspective 343that is re
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Appendix AExcavated Sites in Chaco
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Table A.1. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.2. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.3. Sites excavated or exami
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Table A.3. (cont' d.)Site Name Site
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Table A.4. Sites excavated or exami
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Table AA. (cont'd.)Site Name Site N
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Table A.5. (cont'd.)Site No. Site N
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Table A.S. (cont'd.)5ite No. 5ite N
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Appendix BChronology ChartsThrougho
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Appendix B 365Table B.3. Dominant c
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Table B.4. (cont'd.)Pecos Classific
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Appendix CThe Chaco Synthesis Proje
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Appendix C 371Table C.l. The organi
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Appendix C 373Table C.3. The Chaco
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Appendix C 375Table C.5. Chaco, Mes
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Appendix C 377Table C.7. The capsto
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Appendix C 379Table C.S.In Search o
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382 Chaco Project SynthesisArcheolo
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384 Chaco Project SynthesisBinford,
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386 Chaco Project SynthesisMexico,
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388 Chaco Project SynthesisMonument
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390 Chaco Project SynthesisDoyel, D
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392 Chaco Project SynthesisUniversi
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-~ -- - -- ------394 Chaco Project
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396 Chaco Project SynthesisAmerican
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398 Chaco Project SynthesisMiscella
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400 Chaco Project SynthesisKlausner
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402 Chaco Project SynthesisLoose, R
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404 Chaco Project SynthesisPrice, p
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406 Chaco Project Synthesis1984 The
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408 Chaco Project SynthesisOrtiz, A
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410 Chaco Project SynthesisPsycholo
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412 Chaco Project SynthesisSchoenwe
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414 Chaco Project SynthesisSprague,
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416 Chaco Project Synthesis2000 Mac
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418 Chaco Project Synthesis1970b As
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420 Chaco Project SynthesisWhaley,
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-----------------------422 Chaco Pr
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Indexabandonment, and dispersion, 2
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Index 427bow and arrow, 63, 99Bradf
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Index 429demography: community, mar
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Index 431Hack, J. T., 32Half House,
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Index 433Little Colorado (River) ar
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Index 435population as a system, 33
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Index 437264, and nearest-neighbor
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Index 43929Mc391 structure, 30929SJ
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Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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