Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

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---------------------~---- ---- ------82 Chaco Project Synthesisfrom the present. Burned materials and hearths suggestedhuman use of the rockshelter.When Neller (1976a) compared the site locationand chipped stone artifacts from this and the dune siteswith data from Judge (1973), he did not think therockshelter or dune sites had functioned as basecamps, processing camps, or armament sites. Heconsidered the use of this rockshelter as a specialpurposearea; the triangular, broad-shouldered petroglyphof a man (Figure 3.15) is similar to otherBasketmaker II art and might indicate a religiouspurpose. He also considered seasonal use and habitationamong the alternatives.Except for an anomalous cache of San Joseprojectile points, almost all the chipped stone materialcame from the uppermost stratum of Atlatl Cave.Although some of the deposits were stratified, most ofthe chipped stone artifacts could not be separated stratigraphically;thus, Neller considered all to representa single homogeneous cultural horizon (BasketmakerII). Approximately 85 percent of the material wasclassified as flakes, most of which were closetogether, which Neller interpreted to mean use of thecave for stone tool production. A few of these flakeshad polish that might result from cutting yucca, and aknife had attrition that could result from cutting wood.Other types of stone included one graver, one spokeshave,two knives, a few scrapers, and utilized flakes.There were no drills, point fragments, or preforms.These, plus cut yucca leaves and some cut wood in theshelter, suggested that a few activi ties were carried outin the shelter.Gillespie (1982) untangled the stratigraphy of therockshelter. By then, there were two radiocarbondates from upper and lower hearths in area A; theyindicated considerable time differences (DIe 591 at4240.±70 B.P. corrected to 4,855 B.P.; DIC 588 at2330+85 B.P. corrected to 2,405 B.P.). He noted alack of natural stratigraphic distinctions within thisarea and divided it into three units: unit 1, an upperlayer; unit 2, a mixed layer; and unit 3, material froma crevice. The five San Jose projectile points had beenrecovered from all three units, all within 30 m(Gillespie 1982:9). Two points were from unit Al(grids 2 and 48), two were from unit A2 (grid 49,mixed), and one was from unit A3 (grid 2). Becausethese units proved to have different radiocarbon dates,he indicated that either the association of the pointswith dates is spurious because of mixing or misinterpretationof the spatial relationships, the dating isfaulty, or the Irwin-Williams sequence and dates arenot directly applicable (Gillespie 1982:9). The firstexplanation seemed most probable. Artifacts recovered(mostly from unit AI) were small woodenartifacts, basketry fragments, yucca ties, cordage,bone tools, chipped stone debris and tools, andevidence of corn.Although there was much mixing due to pack ratactivity, area B produced three radiocarbon dates (DIC794 at 2220.±100 B.P. corrected to 2,275 B.P.; DIC592 at 2700.±65 B.P. corrected to 2,860 B.P.; andDIC 590 at 2730.±65 B.P. corrected to 2,900 B.P.).This area contained poorly delimited hearths andburned rocks. Cultural materials included smallwooden artifacts, a fragment of a wooden atlatl, ayucca sandal (Figure 3.16), basketry fragments,cordage, yucca ties, fragments from a rabbit-fur robe;and chipped stone debris. Evidence of corn wasrecovered.Gillespie considered this record to represent asporadic, short-term camp site. Use probably fellwithin the En Medio phase of the third milleniumbefore the present. Because the corn kernels and cobsfrom both area A and area B were fragmentary, theydid not add much to knowledge about early corn, butthey could be assigned to the range of 2,200 to 2,900B.P. (ca. 950 to 450 B.C.).Most of the faunal remains were not attributableto human occupation of the shelter. Gillespie'sanalysis did, however, provide information that couldassist with reconstruction of paleoenvironments. Thepresence of one species of bat (Lasionycterisnoctivagans) suggested a woodland environment; andthe prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) suggestedgreater effective moisture and better developedgrasslands in the past (Gillespie 1982:94-96). Thefew faunal remains that could be tied to culturalbehavior were insufficient to reconstruct minimumnumbers of individuals (MNI) or meat weight calculations.Burning on 13 percent of the bones fromlarge mammal species, however, did indicate humanuse. These species included Odocoileus sp. (deer),Antilocapra americana (pronghorn), and Bison sp.(bison), Although smaller animal bones had less
The Preceramic Period 83Figure 3.15.Pictographs in Atlatl Cave, including the broad-shouldered man. (Chaco Culture NHPMuseum Archive, Photo no. 10752. Victoria Atkins, photographer.)Figure 3.16.Sandal and atlatl fragment recovered from grid 30, area B, of Atlatl Cave. (Chaco CultureNHP Museum Archive, Photo no. 10742. M. Moquin, photographer.)
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- --- - - --~ -----31D / D-9tcCultu
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--------Culture and Ecology ofChaco
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3. THE PRECERAMIC PERIOD IN CHACO C
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History of the Chaco Navajo '" . .
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~~~-------3.21. Overview of Sheep C
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10.12. Map 5, locating Historic per
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-- - -- - ---- ~----- - --B.I. Cera
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List of participants in the School
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1971, Robert H. Lister, then at the
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Personnel associated with the Chaco
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For this volume, lowe special thank
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2 Chaco Project Synthesis50. J •
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4 Chaco Project Synthesisand the fe
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6 Chaco Project Synthesispainted Es
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10 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 1.
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14 Chaco Project SynthesisCompariso
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16 Chaco Project SynthesisDuring ex
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18 Chaco Project Synthesisobsidian
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Chapter TwoThe Environment and Natu
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-- --------------------- --------En
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Environment and Natural Resources 2
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Environment and Natural Resources 2
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~~~--~~~~ --30 Chaco Project Synthe
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Page 60 and 61: 38 Chaco Project SynthesisLybrook,
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Page 66 and 67: 44 Chaco Project Synthesisflavescen
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Page 84 and 85: 62 Chaco Project Synthesisto the So
Page 86 and 87: 64 Chaco Project SynthesisTable 3.1
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Page 100 and 101: 78 Chaco Project Synthesisthe first
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Page 106 and 107: 84 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 3.
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Page 110 and 111: -------------- ._----------88 Chaco
Page 112 and 113: 90 Chaco Project SynthesisThe secon
Page 114 and 115: 92 Chaco Project SynthesisYears B.P
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Page 120 and 121: 98 Chaco Project SynthesisFigure 4.
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Page 124 and 125: Figure 4.2.Identified Basketmaker I
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Page 129 and 130: •BftlO€)•••• oI
Page 131 and 132: Output File Types 115Intensity File
Page 133 and 134: Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 111stor
Page 135 and 136: Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 113and
Page 137 and 138: Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 115peop
Page 139 and 140: Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 117and
Page 141 and 142: Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 119Fami
Page 143 and 144: Basketmaker III to Pueblo I 121by a
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Page 147 and 148: --------Basketmaker III to Pueblo I
Page 149 and 150: Chapter FiveThe Florescence of the
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Page 153 and 154: The Florescence 131ExcavationsData
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------ -- - -- --The Florescence 13
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FP5ooo1
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Plthou •• C~f 8 0 0-: ~oo:~g(_-
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TRASH MOUNDoIoFigure 5.5. Map of 29
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The Florescence 141on-white, and Ga
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The Florescence 143Other Small Hous
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\ I\ II :: \1 I: I a ..\\\ l .-'';~
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II/ffII,II( /IMOOI:AIIaccOSIl(lAC,"
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IffFI//II/IIjI,//III" 1111001:"'"II
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, ,, fI f, If ,I f/ ,"If MCOCR~I A[
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Great No1lh Road J• StoifS.......
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,I MC~t~ij/ ':'.b'_''"'o/!PUEBLO AL
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The Florescence 157Recently Wills (
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The Florescence 159Figure 5.19.Earl
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"I----_\---~~--.-';--_:::::'y',..~f
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The Florescence 163rough-sort metho
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The Florescence 165Ceramics dating
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The Florescence 167Figure 5.24.Alta
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The Florescence 169Bonito phase str
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The Florescence 171Three road-relat
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The Florescence 173Figure 5.29.Aeri
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The Florescence 175construction cou
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Chapter SixThe Classic Adaptation W
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The Classic Adaptation 179were abov
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The Classic Adaptation 181upland ar
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The Classic Adaptation 183Estimated
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The Classic Adaptation 185which are
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Table 6.5. (cont'd.)Population Esti
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Table 6.7. Windes's small-house pop
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--_._-- -------The Classic Adaptati
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The Classic Adaptation 193sp.); buc
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The Classic Adaptation 195e.g., a d
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The Classic Adaptation 197block siz
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The Classic Adaptation 199and fir b
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The Classic Adaptation 201between f
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340 \I,II320 "• I......---5 - Yea
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The Classic Adaptation 205in and ar
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Table 6.8. (cont'd.)FeatureExamples
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The Classic Adaptation 209gested by
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The Classic Adaptation 211Table 6.9
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The Classic Adaptation 213.''-...,,
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The Classic Adaptation 215chalcedon
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Table 6.11. Projected ceramic consu
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The Classic Adaptation 219structure
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The Classic Adaptation 221Bonito, w
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The Classic Adaptation 223number of
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Chapter SevenThe Final Years (A.D.
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117'1[ .....II)...0"'1.111"'tlll~'[
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~ ___The Final Years 229RIR2R3__..i
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The Final Years 2311964) included c
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The Final Years 233, ,o J 2 3METERS
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-- -- - - - - -- - ~- -~-------- -
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_ - ~2 - -1 __ R_4_---J __ R_6_~R3R
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The Final Years 239most often with
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The Final Years 241severe drought f
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The Final Years 243ceramic types, b
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Chapter EightRelated Communities in
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Related Communities 247Calendrical0
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• WALL.ACESKUNK SPRINGS IIIIII ST
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• ESCALANTE.IDA JEAN• WALLACESK
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Related Communities 253(Marshall et
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Related Communities 255foodstuffs k
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Related Communities 257and cupule w
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GWeST. ( )~1 PIERRE'S~I ~.~~ ~ .•
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Related Communities 261possibility
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Related Communities 263by the Red M
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Related Communities 265when the div
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268 Chaco Project Synthesismigrated
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270 Chaco Project Synthesiswas not
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272 Chaco Project SynthesisCanyon r
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274 Chaco Project Synthesisgreater
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276 Chaco Project Synthesislayout,
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278 Chaco Project Synthesisleadersh
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-- -~----280 Chaco Project Synthesi
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282 Chaco Project SynthesisDiscussi
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284 Chaco Project Synthesissedentiz
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286 Chaco Project Synthesis• chan
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288 Chaco Project Synthesiswatered
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290 Chaco Project SynthesisEven ear
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292 Chaco Project Synthesis1954:65)
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294 Chaco Project Synthesisp337123
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296 Chaco Project Synthesisnecessar
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Chapter TenHistoric Period StudiesE
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Historic Period Studies 301control
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Historic Period Studies 303Chaco Pr
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Historic Period Studies 305Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 307Figure 1
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Historic Period Studies 309lived in
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Historic Period Studies 311Warburto
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Figure 10.9.Map 2, locating Histori
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Figure 10.11. Map 4, locating Histo
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Figure 10.13. Map 6, locating Histo
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Figure 10.15. Map 8, which combines
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Historic Period Studies 321(_ 29SJI
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Historic Period Studies 323informat
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Historic Period Studies 325as stove
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Historic Period Studies 327them els
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Historic Period Studies 329the case
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Chapter ElevenThe Chaco Project fro
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A Broader Perspective 333Among arch
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A Broader Perspective 335Assuming t
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Table 11.2. Population thresholds i
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A Broader Perspective 339whom fall
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A Broader Perspective 341Table 11.3
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A Broader Perspective 343that is re
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Appendix AExcavated Sites in Chaco
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Table A.1. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.2. (cont'd.)Site Name Site
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Table A.3. Sites excavated or exami
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Table A.3. (cont' d.)Site Name Site
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Table A.4. Sites excavated or exami
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Table AA. (cont'd.)Site Name Site N
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Table A.5. (cont'd.)Site No. Site N
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Table A.S. (cont'd.)5ite No. 5ite N
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Appendix BChronology ChartsThrougho
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Appendix B 365Table B.3. Dominant c
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Table B.4. (cont'd.)Pecos Classific
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Appendix CThe Chaco Synthesis Proje
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Appendix C 371Table C.l. The organi
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Appendix C 373Table C.3. The Chaco
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Appendix C 375Table C.5. Chaco, Mes
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Appendix C 377Table C.7. The capsto
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Appendix C 379Table C.S.In Search o
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382 Chaco Project SynthesisArcheolo
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384 Chaco Project SynthesisBinford,
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386 Chaco Project SynthesisMexico,
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388 Chaco Project SynthesisMonument
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390 Chaco Project SynthesisDoyel, D
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392 Chaco Project SynthesisUniversi
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-~ -- - -- ------394 Chaco Project
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396 Chaco Project SynthesisAmerican
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398 Chaco Project SynthesisMiscella
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400 Chaco Project SynthesisKlausner
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402 Chaco Project SynthesisLoose, R
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404 Chaco Project SynthesisPrice, p
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406 Chaco Project Synthesis1984 The
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408 Chaco Project SynthesisOrtiz, A
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410 Chaco Project SynthesisPsycholo
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412 Chaco Project SynthesisSchoenwe
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414 Chaco Project SynthesisSprague,
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416 Chaco Project Synthesis2000 Mac
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418 Chaco Project Synthesis1970b As
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420 Chaco Project SynthesisWhaley,
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-----------------------422 Chaco Pr
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Indexabandonment, and dispersion, 2
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Index 427bow and arrow, 63, 99Bradf
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Index 429demography: community, mar
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Index 431Hack, J. T., 32Half House,
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Index 433Little Colorado (River) ar
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Index 435population as a system, 33
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Index 437264, and nearest-neighbor
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Index 43929Mc391 structure, 30929SJ
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